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1、第一章 英语句子成分和英语句子结构【复合句】复合句对英语学习和考试有极大的决定性作用。其实复合句是简单句的扩展，只要借助简单句的句型结构分析推理出复合句的主干结构，弄清从句是何种从句，然后再根据从句相应知识点解决语法问题或理解句子。 简单句、并列句和复合句区别的标准：1：一个句子只能有一个谓语，谓语由动词构成。 2：如果一个句子有多个动词，只有一个是谓语动词，其它为非谓语动词。 3：如果一个句子有多个谓语，那么这个句子可能是并列句或者是复合句。如果有并列连词，就是并列句，如果没有就是复合句。【并列句】I. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句、还是复合句。( ) 1. I dont like Engl
2、ish while my sister is good at it.( ) 2. When you came in, she was washing her clothes.( ) 3. If you dont go there, they will not be happy.( ) 4.With the help of my good friend Wei Wei, I succeeded in passing the exam.( ) 5. Have you ever seen the man who is wearing a red cap?1) 表示意义转折和对比的并列连词常见的有：b
3、ut , while, whereas, still, yet , nevertheless,等词语。2) 表示选择的并列连词，常见的有： or, either.or 等。例如：Or 连接主语时，如主语都是单数，动词则取单数形式；如主语都是复数，动词则取复数形式，如果主语有的是复数，动词则取复数形式，如果主语有的是单数，有的是复数，动词的数则与它靠近的主语的数相一致。连接两个主语时，动词的数也应与靠近他的主语的数相一致。例如：Neither he nor I am a good student. 3) 表示因果意义的并列并列连词常见的有： for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,t
4、hus,等。例如：The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped.It rained , therefore the game was called off.4) 表示联合关系的并列连词常见的有： and, both.and, neither.nor, not only. but also 等。当 neither.nor, not only .but also 连接主语时，动词的数则与靠近它的主语的数相一致。 Both .and 不能连接两个以上的并列成分，也不能连接分句。例如： 误：Both Mary swept the fl
5、oor and Nancy mopped it.5) 其它并列连词常见的有： as well as, more than, rather than, no less than 等. (1) as well as 表示 同 和 也 的意义as well as 用作并列连词时它意义相当于 not only.but also, 但侧重点在后一并列成分上而 as well as 侧重点却在前一并列成分上 ,A as well as B=not only B but also A. 单项选择。( ) 1. Mr. Smith knows little Chinese, _he cant understa
6、nd Chinese culture at all.A. so B. or C. but D. for( )2. Can you play basketball?Yes, I can, _I cant play it very well. A. or B. and C. so D. but( )3. The war was over about two weeks ago, _the soldiers in Iraq are still having a lot of problems to deal with. A. or B. and C. but D. so( )4. You must
7、study hard, _ you will fall behind others. A. and B. but C. so D. or( )5. Take exercise every morning, _ you will become much stronger. A. or B. and C. but D. while( ) 6. Hold on your idea, _youre sure to be successful in this exam.A. and B. or C. but D. so( ) 7. Will you go on Tuesday or Wednesday?
8、 Im afraid _day is possible. Ill be very busy next week. A. either B. neither C. both D. also( ) 8. _ Jim _ Jack may go with you because one of them must stay in the school. A. Not only; but also B. Neither; nor C. Both; and D. Either; or ( ) 9. Be careful with dangerous animals, _youll be hurt. A.
9、and B. but C. or D. so ( )10. Didnt you give flowers to your Mother on Mothers Day? Oh, not only my mother, _my grandma got red roses.A. or B. and C. but D. until ( )11.What do you think of the two pairs of trousers? They dont fit me well. They are _ too big _ too small. A. not only; but also B. bot
10、h; and C. neither; nor D. either; or ( ) 12. Stop cutting trees down, _ the earth will become worse and worse. A. and B. then C but D. or( )13. My father bought me a toy car _ I liked it very much. A. and B. so C. but D. or( )14. Everybody went to the park, _I didnt. A. get B. or C. but D. so( )15.
11、Hello, Miss White!Im sorry, _I dont think I know you. A. and B. or C. but D. because( )16. The little girl is very young _ she can look after herself well. A. so B. but C. if D. or( )17. Lily put her hands behind her back, _ nobody could see them.A. so B. and C. or D. but( )18. Neither you nor I _ f
12、rom Australia. We are from the USA. A. is B. are C. am D. be( )19. We can learn knowledge _from books _from life.Yes, both are important. A. either；or B. not only；but also C neither；nor D. not；and第二章：名 词一、名词的分类 名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。 1. 普通名词又可分为： (1) 个体名词。如：cup, desk, student 等。一般可数，有单复数形式。 (2) 集体名词。如：c
13、lass, team, family 等。一般可数，有单复数形式 (3) 物质名词。如：rice, water, cotton 等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 (4) 抽象名词。如：love, work, life 等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 2. 专有名词：如：China, Newton, London 等。 二、名词的数 (一) 可数名词的复数形式的构成规则 1. 一般情况下在名词的词尾加 s，如：book books, pencil, pencils. 2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词加 -es，其读音为iz 。如：bus buses, box boxes,
14、watch watches, dish dishes 等。 3. 以-y 结尾的名词： (1) 以“辅音字母 +y”结尾的名词，把 y 改为 i 再加 es，读音为iz ，如：factory factories, company companies 等。2) 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y 结尾，直接在词尾加-s ，读音为z 。如：key keys, Henry Henrys 等。 4. 以-f 和-fe 结尾的名词： (1) 变-f 或-fe 为 v 再加-es ，读音为vz 。如：thief thieves, wife wives, half halves 等。 (2) 直接在词尾加-s，如：roof roofs，gulf gulfs，chief chiefs ，proof proofs 等。 (3) 两者均可。如：handkerchief handkerchiefs 或 handkerchieves. 5. 以-o 结尾的名词： (1) 以“ 辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es，读音为z 。如：hero heroes, potato potatoes, tomato tomatoes 等。 (二) 不规则名词的复数形式 1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如： man men, woman women, tooth tee
