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1、1 2018 年中考英语复习资料总汇 一、名词 一、名词的数 1单数和复数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变 法如下: (1) 一般情况在词尾加-s, 例如 : bookbooks, girlgirls, boyboys, penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。 (2)以 s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:busbuses,classclasses,boxboxes, watchwatches,brushbrushes。 (3)以 ce, se, ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加 s,例如:orangeoran
2、ges。 (4)以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词的复数形 式只加 s,如:boyboys, daydays。 (5)以 o 结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:heroheroes,potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes,但词 末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。 例如 : zoozoos, radioradios, 还有某些外来词也只加-s, 例如:photophotos,pianopianos
3、。 (6)以 f 或 fe 结尾的词,多数变 f 为 v 再加-es,例如:knifeknives,leafleaves, halfhalves。 复数词尾 s(或 es)的读音方法如下表所示。 复数词尾 s(或 es)的读音方法 情况 读法 例词 在ptkf等清辅音后 s cups, hats, cakes 在sztF等音后 iz glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在bdv等浊辅音后 z beds, dogs, cities, knives (7) 少数名词有不规则的复数形式, 例如 : manmen, womanwomen, too
4、thteeth, footfeet, childchildren,mousemice。 【注意】与 man 和 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但 German 不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman 等 作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:menworkers, women teachers。 有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish 等。但当 fish 表示不 同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。 (8)单
5、数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police 等。 (9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。 (10) 还有些名词仅有复数形式, 如 : trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, goods, ashes, scissors, compasses。 (11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有: 2 科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths 游戏名称:bowls 专有名词:the United
6、 States, Niagara Falls 其他名词:news, falls 2不可数名词“量”的表示方法 在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法: (1)用 much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any 等表示多少,例如: The rich man has a lot of money There is some milk in the bottle Is there any water in the glass? I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice
7、 (2)用 a piece of 这类定语,例如: a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如: two cups of tea four pieces of paper three glasses of water 不可数名词也可用 a lot of, lots of, s
8、ome, any, much 等来修饰。 二、名词的所有格 名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。 1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,其复数形式是 s,例如:a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。 2. 如其结尾不是 s 的复数形式仍加 s,如:Childrens Day。 3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s,例如:a twenty minutes walk,ten miles journey,a boats length,two pounds weight, ten do
9、llars worth。 4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结构,例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。 5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my fathers。 【注意】 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 s,则表示“分别有”,例如:Johns and Marys rooms(约翰 和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Toms and Marys bikes(两人各自的自行车)。 两个名词并列,只有一个s,则表示“共有”,例如:John an
10、d Marys room(约翰和玛丽共有 一间);Tom and Marys mother(即 Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹)。 二、形容词和副词 1. 形容词的用法形容词的用法 (1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如: Our country is a beautiful country. (作定语) 3 The fish went bad. (作表语) We keep our classroom clean and tidy. (作宾语补足语) (2) 形容词修饰 something, anything, nothing, everything 等不定代词时,形容词放在名
11、词后面。 I have something important to tell you. Is there anything interesting in the film. (3) 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。 起进一 步解释的作用。 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. You can take any box away, big or small. (4) the形容词表示一类人或物 The rich should help the po
12、or. 2. 副词的用法副词的用法 (1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。 He studies very hard. (作状语) Life here is full of joy. (作定语) When will you be back? (作表语) 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类: 1)时间副词 时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有:now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always 等。例如: He often comes
13、 to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing. 2)地点副词 地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out 等。例如: I met an old friend of mine on my way home. He went u
14、pstairs. Put down your name here. 3)方式副词 方式副词一般都是回答 “怎样的?”这类问题的, 其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly 构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有:anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight,
15、 wide 等。例如: The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully. The birds are flying high. He runs very fast. 4)程度副词 4 程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词,有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副 词有:much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, har
16、dly, partly 等。例如: Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well. I can hardly agree with you. 5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有:how, when, where, why 等。 例如: How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday? Why did you do that? (2)副词在句中的位置 1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语,则放在宾语之后。例如: Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well. 2)频度副词作状语时,通常放在行为动词之前,情态动词,助动词和 be 动词之后。例如: He usually gets up early. Ive never heard him singing. She