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1、CHAPTER FIVE Skills in Translation,5. 1 选词遣字 (Choice of Diction),有位文人曾说过： “凡行文多寡短长、抑扬高下，无一定之律，而有一定之妙。”搞翻译，选词遣字也求其之“妙”，要求句简词精，传神达意，下笔于精妙之处，译出“丰姿”和“风貌”。,例1：A gentleman is，rather than does. （English For Today） 【译文】绅士是天生的，不是做出来的。 【解析】要译好这句话，关键在“is”和“does”这两个词的恰当处理上。这句话的意思是“在英国，绅士是天生的、世袭的，不是任何人可努力做到的”。若译
2、成“绅士是天生的，而不是通过行为可做到的”，固然已传达了原文之意，但显得平淡无味，而且也未同句短词精的原文合拍，亦未重现原文之风貌。译成“绅士是天生的，不是强装的”，使译文话中有话，具有诙谐讽刺之功，但离原文甚远。,例2：Again and again his knife cut away death, but grazed the very springs of life in doing it, until his assistants were as white as the patient. 【译文】他的手术刀一次又一次地切除致命的病患，游刃于性命攸关的地方，直吓得他的助手们一个个脸上
3、如同病人一样苍白。 【解析】这里的“cut away death, grazed the very springs of life” “切除致命的病患，游刃于性命攸关的地方”，属于点睛之词，精妙之笔。“割掉死亡，擦上生命的命根子”似嫌不足，而且读者也不懂。,例3：“I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I got a chaise for town, but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that
4、I shall not get rid of it in a hurry .I got to the Treasury about noon, but first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon got into the secret of getting a memorial before the Board, but I could not get an answer then; however I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning ” （St
5、ephensor Smith：How to Double Your Vocabulary） 【译文】“接来函后，不到十分钟，我就骑马动身了。到达坎特布里，换乘四轮马车进镇。一场雨把我浑身淋湿，患了重感冒，一时半会儿不能好。约莫中午时分，才到达财务委员会。首先，就是刮脸换衣。不一会儿，便打听到在委员会前立碑的事。可我尚未接到通知，不过从送信者口里获悉翌日上午会有通知的。” 【解析】这段话共有三个句子，竟用了十四个“get”，处理好这些“get”是译好这段话的关键。既要忠实，又要通顺地译好它，就必须根据其“get”的基本词义概念、前后搭配关系、所处语言环境、习惯表达，在选词遣字上多下点功夫，尽量避
6、免重复，理解要广泛，表达要灵活，切忌死搬一个“得到”去硬译。,课堂互动1：A.翻译下列句子,1. Special equipment assures that the computers will not be disturbed by power interruptions that last less than two hours. 2. It is actually very, very old and was not always as beautiful as it is now. It is not certain how the Earth began. Probably it
7、began as a huge globe of gas and dust. The globe became smaller and denser. Today the outer layer or crust is cool and hard, 3. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.,译文欣赏,1. 在停电两小时以内的情况下，有专门设备能保证计算机正常工作。 2. 实际上，地球已经非常，非常古
8、老了，它起初并不总像现在这样美丽。关于地球的起源，尚无定论。地球开始形成时，很可能是一个由气体和尘埃组成的巨大球体。地球变得越来越小，越来越密，今天，地球的外层或地壳已经冷却硬化， 3. 那表情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是不满，不是厌恶，也不是她原先准备应付的任何一种感情。,课堂互动1： B. 改译下列句子,1. Promotions are wonderful but they must be deserved. And we deserve it, only if we serve the people. 【译文】提升是件好事。但必须是那些值得提升的人。而我们只有为人民服务才算得上值得。 2.
9、 His air of self-assurance and somewhat lordly bearing would have frightened me, had it not been for his warm and hearty handshake. 【译文】他那自信的神气和略为高傲的派头就要使我害怕了，不过他和我握手的时候是那样热情，那样真挚。,3. Without his knowledge, the matchmakers were at work. 【译文】他自己还不知道，媒人却已为他工作了。 4. I was like that ship before my educat
10、ion began, only I was without compass or sounding-line. 【译文】我的教育开始之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘和测深绳。 5. The brokers hour is not only crowded, but minutes and seconds are hanging to all the traps and packing both front and rear platforms. 【译文】经纪人的时间不但是拥挤的，而且分分秒秒都在月台上挂皮带，打包。,改后译文欣赏,1. 提升是好事，但必须受之无愧。我们只有坚持为人民服务才能受
11、之无愧。 2. 他和我握手的时候是那样热情，那样真挚，要不然他那自信的神情和高傲的派头，我还真有点害怕呢。 3. 他自己还不知道，媒人却已为他穿针引线了。 4. 在我开始接受教育之前，就像这样一条船，没有罗盘，没有测深绳。 5. 经纪人不但很忙，而且每分每秒都没有空着，时间安排得非常紧。,5. 2 设问排难 (Questions-raising),翻译有两难：原文理解难、译文表达难。难，是思维的动力；设问排难才能积极思维、主动探索求知。 例1：Tomorrow is a minimum day, could you pick me up at noon? 【译文】明天只上半天课，提前放学，中午
12、来接我好吗。 【解析】“minimum”辞典意思是“最小的；最低的”，如“minimum wage”(最低工资)，“minimum leading rate”(中央银行最低利率)，可“a minimum day”译成“最小日”，就让人看不懂、听不明白了。到底是什么意思？表示什么？什么场合什么情况下使用？文学语言还是日常生活语言？其实这是美国的中学生常对家长说的一句话，指学校上课少，了解这一点，了解这一背景，自然就好译了。,例2：On October first，I shall have Czechoslovakia where I want her 【译文】到十月一日，我叫捷克向东，她就不敢向
13、西。 【解析】“这种译法不但传神，忠实于原文的内容，而且在形式上更贴切于原文”(俞家钲：1995)。在译这句话时，就“have sb. where I want her”可提这样几个设问点：是执行任务？有事？惟命是从？还是敢怒不敢言？显然是“敢怒而不敢言”，只要确定这一点，译成“叫她向东，她就不敢向西”，惟妙惟肖地表现了两国之间的不正常关系。,例3：Suddenly an idea mingled with the alcoholic fumes that disturbed his brain. It was apparently of a jocular nature, for he fe
14、lt impelled to slap his leg again and cram his fist into mouth.（中国翻译19972） 【译文】他醉意未消，脑子里突然冒出了一个念头。这个念头显然带有开玩笑性质，他禁不住拍了一下大腿，接着就把拳头塞进嘴里，免得笑出声来。 【解析】在译这段话时，提出“他为何把拳头塞进嘴里”的问题，会发现这是一个省略了表示行为目的内容的句子，如照搬原文形式，会使译文给人一个语义不全、概念不完整的感觉。依照上面所提问题，再根据语境语义线索“of a jocular nature” 就可得出“cram his fist into his mouth”这一行
15、为目的是“避免笑出声来”，只要明白这一点，完整的汉语可顺利译成，难题迎刃而解。,课堂互动2： 翻译句子,1. The mayor of New York City is the Time magazines 2001 Person of the Year. 2. The girls all like Bob because he is a football captain. Nothing succeeds like success. 3. An expensive failure can be made into an asset if youve learnt from it, but M
16、onsanto still has some learning to do.,4. There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful appearance than in the month of August. Spring has many beauties, and May is a fresh and blooming month, but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields and sweet-smelling flowers when the recollection of snow
