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1、Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching
2、facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的 环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population
3、 concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have
4、been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共 交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机 场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外， 土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的 社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citi
5、zen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is
6、much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在 1782 年，英国人 John Smeaton 为了把他的非军事工 程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学 被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds
7、of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placementwater, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmen
8、tal specialists study the projects impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the projects impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determ
9、ine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordina
10、ting the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all wor
11、k, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.,1,领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多 种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用 的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定
12、土壤能 否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染， 对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专 家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同 时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这 些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息， 施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和 设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 Throughout a
13、ny given project, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computers are used to design the projects various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quant
14、ities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project. 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数 元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者 CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的 必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方 法。 Structural engineering. In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, i
15、ncluding bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structu
16、re must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials. 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发 电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜， 以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷 载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如 钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 Water reso
