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1、,Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescentsHodges and Tizard(1989) “青少年离开收养院后的社会和家庭关系”哈奇斯和蒂泽德。,AIM（目的）,Longitudinally 纵向地 comparison group 对照组 early institutionalisation 早期收容 care-givers 抚养人 adolescence 青少年期 adopted and resored children 被领养和 的孩子,To investigate (longitudinally an
2、d with a matched comparison group of control children)whether experiencing early institutionalisation with ever-changing care-givers until at least tow years of age will lead to long term problems in adolescence for adopted and resored children 为了调查（纵向地，并且带有相匹配的对孩子进行控制的对照组）经历过早期收容并且曾更换过抚养人至少两年的被领养的和
3、被 的孩子是否在青少年期将会导致长期的问题。,early institutionalisation 早期收容 were attributed to 被归结于 maternal 母爱的，母性的 deprivation 匮乏的 privation 剥夺 irreversible. 不可逆的,Early studies by bowlby (1951)and Goldfarb (1943a)found that there were many short and long term effects of the early institutionalisation of children ,whic
4、h were attributed to maternal deprivation or privation and were regarded as largely irreversible. Bowlby和Goldfarb早期研究发现，早期收养对儿童有短期和长期的影响，这些都被归结为母爱的匮乏或剥夺，而且这些影响在很大程度上被认为是不可逆的。,Fostered 代养的 Restored Markedly 显著地 Intellectual 智力 emotional development 情感发展,However,later studies by Tizard and others on a
5、 group of adopted,fostered and restored children with early institutional experience showed that there were markedly less dramatic effects on intellectual and emotional development(probably due to improved conditions)but still difficulties in interpersonal relationships. 然而，根据Tizard 和其他人在一组经历过早期收容的领
6、养儿童，代养儿童以及（ ）儿童的后期研究表明，在智利和情感发展方面没有显著地的影响（大概是由于改善的条件）但是在人际关系方面仍然有困难。,close attachments 亲近的依恋 attention seeking behaviour 寻求注意行为 disbedience 反抗 over-friendliness 过分友好,The children were studied at age 4 and again at age 8,by which time the majority had formed close attachments to their parents,but sho
7、wed,according to their teachers ,more problems of attention seeking behaviour, disbedience,poor peer relationships and over-friendliness.The present study was conducted as a follow up study to see: 这些孩子在四岁的时候被研究，八岁时被再次研究，在这个时间段，大部分孩子已经对他们的父母形成了亲近的依恋，但是根据他们的老师发现，许多寻求主义行为的问题，反抗，差的同伴关系以及过分的友好。目前的研究由进行一
8、下研究来体现：,Normalise 使正常化 adolescence. 青少年期 indicated 显示,*if these children would continue to “normalise”and lose further effects of early institutionalisation at age 16 or worsen with the stresses of adolescence. 是否这些孩子能够继续正常化并且在16岁时摆脱早期收容的影响又或者他们在青少年期的压力下变得更糟糕。 *if adopted children would continue to
9、do better than restored children by age 16 ,as earlier studies had indicated. 是否领养儿童在16岁时比 能够持续做得更好，正如早期研究显示的那样。,METHOD（方法）,Subjects（被试）: All 51 children studied at age 8 were located,of which 42 were available to study at age 16 .From chese,39 were interviewed:23 adopted(17 boys,6 girls),11 restore
10、d(6 boys ,5 girls)and 5 in institutional care(3 boys ,2 girls). 所有的51个孩子被安排在8岁时参与研究，其中42个孩子在16岁时能够继续参与研究。从这42个孩子中，39个被采访：其中23个为领养儿童（17个男孩，6个女孩），11个为 （6个男孩，5个女孩），以及5个收容儿童（3个男孩，2个女孩）。,Gender 性别 parental occupation 父母的职业,A comparison group of children who had not experienced institutionalisation was ga
11、thered for the family relationships study,mached,for example ,in terms of age ,gender, parental occupation and position in the family . 从没经历过收容的儿童被集中为一个对照组为了家庭关系的研究和比较。比如，在年龄，性别，父母的职业以及他们在家庭中的位置。,Another comparison group of children who had not experienced institutionalisation was formed for the sch
12、ool relationship study from the classmate nearest in age of the same sex. 同样的没有经历过收容的儿童形成另一个对照组来对同性别且年龄最相近的学生进行学校关系的研究。,Adolescents 青少年 Tape 磁带 Questionnaire 问卷 Careworkers 照看者 scale questionnaire 量表问卷,Procedure（过程）,*The adolescents were interviewed on tape and completed theQuestionnaire of Social D
13、ifficulty(Lindsay and Lindsay,1982) 这些青少年被录音采访和完成社会困难问卷（Lindsay and Lindsay,1982） *Mothers or careworkers were interviewed on tape and completed the A scale questionnaire (Rutter et al ,1970). 母亲或照看者被录音采访并完成A量表问卷。(Rutter et al ,1970),*Teachers were asked to complete the B scale questionnaire (Rutter et al ,1970) on the adolescents behavior. 老师们被要求完成关于青少年行为的B量表问卷。,谢谢,
