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1、初中英语小作文常见错误分析及对策上海市虎林中学 程红照众所周知“写”是英语四种技能中的重要环节，写作能体现学生综合运用英语的能力。中小学英语新课程标准要求：初中生能够书写日常生活中常见问题的作文，进行简单的描述和表达个人喜好，拼写和标点正确。初中学业考试也要求：根据题目要求写不少于60个词的短文，意思连贯，语言基本正确。可见初中阶段对小作文的要求在逐步提高。2009年上海市初中学生学业考试小作文的分值增加到18分，突出了对学生实际运用语言能力的综合考察。但是在日常学习中，小作文是让许多学生感到棘手的问题，在各级各类考试中，学生在小作文方面的失分还占相当的比例。笔者认为除了常见的单词拼写错误，主
2、要错误类型分为以下几种：一、主要错误类型（一）汉语式的英语：初中生写小作文实际上有一个从中文思考到英文翻译的一个过程。但是很多学生只是把小作文视为简单的汉译英，而对英语的表达习惯和东西方的文化差异知之甚少。如：误Teacher Wu is our English teacher. 正Mr. Wu（ Mrs. Wu/Miss. Wu/Ms. Wu ）is our English teacher.误I very like my school. 正I like my school very much. 误My parents let me grow up.正My parents bring me u
3、p.（二）固定搭配的错误：此类错误分为三类：1固定短语搭配的错误。误Tom went to Beijing by a plane.正Tom went to Beijing by plane. （介词类搭配) 误I made friend with many foreign students. 正I made friends with many foreign students. (固定的动词短语) 2英语词法的错误，主要体现在对单词词性的理解以及某个单词在句中正确位置的摆放上。如：误Jane wants to be a honest girl. 正Jane wants to be an hon
4、est girl. (冠词的用法) 误My mother is a kindly woman.正My mother is a kind woman. (形容词的用法) 误We get tired of do our homework.正We get tired of doing our homework. (介词后的动词应该是动名词的形式)误Tom is enough tall to reach the books on the shelf.正Tom is tall enough to reach the books on the shelf.(这是对enough的正确位置不了解。enough
5、放在所修饰的名词前面，如：I bought enough food in the supermarket.而放在所修饰的形容词和副词的后面。)3英语句法的错误，主要体现在对英语句子结构的理解以及主谓呼应和时态的一致性上。如：误There are many students are playing in the playground. 正Many students are playing in the playground. ( there are 应该删掉，此类错误是学生对英语简单句的构成不了解。) 误Neither Tim nor Mary like playing computer gam
6、es. 正Neither Tim nor Mary likes playing computer games. (like改为 likes，因为neithernor连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与临近的一个主语保持一致。) 误She told me what I can do. 正She told me what I could do. (can改为 could，如果宾语从句主句是过去时从句为过去的某一个时态。) 误I enjoyed this film. Because its very exciting.正I enjoyed this film because its very exciti
7、ng. (Because 应该改为小写，句号删掉。)4指代不明。误Our English teacher should let us listen to some English songs because they will feel happy and it is very exciting.正Our English teacher should let us listen to some English songs because we will feel happy and the songs are very exciting.（三）时态和语态的错误： 很多初中生在写作文时经常犯时态
8、的错误。在宝山区2007学年初二年级质量管理考试中有这样一个题目：The Coming School Open Day，这里的coming就要求学生用一般将来时，部分学生把时态写成过去时或一般现在时。又以“The Unforgettable Fourteenth Birthday”为题。如：I have (had) an unforgettable fourteenth birthday on May 2nd ，2008 because I get (got) a lot of nice presents from my parents and my friends. First, we go
9、 (went) to the Century Park to go boating. Second, we hold (held) a party at home to celebrate my birthday. 此标题是记述一次难忘的生日，很明显应该用一般过去时。但是有些学生时态用错，这也是学生作文中常见的错误。另外，由于与中文的表达习惯不同，英语的被动体现在时态上，学生如果时态掌握不好也经常会犯语态的错误。如：误Many houses damaged in the big fire a few days ago.正Many houses were damaged in the fire
10、a few days ago.（四）形式单一，表达不够丰富：很多学生的小作文从头到尾都是清一色的简单句，表达呆板，句与句之间过渡生硬缺少承上启下的关联词。以Thanks to My Parents 为题，试比较以下两篇范文：(A)I want to thank to my parents. They give me a life. I get much knowledge from them. My father always helps me. I have a good mother. She often cooks delicious food for me. I also tell h
11、er many things. I love my parents very much. I hope they will be happy forever.(B) I think I should thank to my parents because they give me a life and I also get much knowledge from them. My father always helps me when Im in trouble. I have a good mother who often cooks delicious food for me. Whats
12、 more, I always share my secrets with her. In one word, I love my parents very much, so I hope they will be happy forever.B这篇小作文给人的感觉行文丰富，避免了小作文形式单一，表达不够丰富的问题。（五）审题的错误：再以The Coming School Open Day为例，很多学生把小作文写成了 Our School，部分学生把时态写成过去时或一般现在时，没有理解coming 的意思，这都是审题不清造成的错误。又如：2007年中考小作文试题 Things I Hate t
13、o Do 题目要求如下：（短文开头已给，所给部分不计入字数。）Use the following points as a guide. (短文必须包括下列要点)1. What are the things that you hate to do? 2. What do you hate doing most? Why? (Give at least two reasons)Thing I Hate to DoMost of the time I do things Which I enjoy. However, there are still things that I hate to do.
14、 面对这样一个题目，学生们首先要知道所记的事情是“hate”,而不是 “like或enjoy”。其次，要说明“我”所讨厌做的事并讲清楚 “我”为什么最讨厌做的事情，至少要举两个例子。另外短文开头已给，学生只要接着后面学就可以了。但是有的学生开头另起，有的还记自己喜欢做的事情，有的不说明为什么或者只举一个例子，这都是没有正确审题的表现。二对策（一）了解东西方文化差异，扎实基础知识。教师应该多引导学生多了解西方文化和习俗，熟悉英语的表达习惯，学会用英语思考，不要把英语小作文只简单的视为汉译英，明白东西方文化之间是有差异的。如“强壮如牛”的英文表达是“as strong as a horse”。其次
15、，教师要让学生熟记英语固定短语，了解英语各类词性及其在句子中的正确位置。另外，了解英语句型的基本结构也是必须的。学生要知道简单句、并列句和复合句的相同和不同之处。在学之初学生可以适当的背诵一些这方面的例句，从而掌握扎实的英语词法和句法知识，针对学生的错误教师要有的放矢的选择相关练习。例如：初中阶段学了八种时态，针对学生在写作文时经常犯时态和语态的错误，教师除了要让学生知道它们的结构，还要熟悉相关的用法以及不同时态和语态的区别，只有这样才能减少这类错误的发生率。（二）练习写复合句并列句,合理使用关联词,使文章丰富多彩。 如前Thanks to My Parents的B篇小作文中用了宾语从句、because, when 引导的状语从句和who引导的定语从句以及一些并列句，这样就避免句式单一的毛病，给人丰富多彩的感觉。Whats more、in one word是关联词，能承上启下，使行文流畅过渡自然，给人水到渠成的惬意。在日常练习中教师也应该多给学生这方面的训练，适当的背诵一些复合句和关联词直到熟练掌握。这样才能避免小作文形式单一，表达不够丰富的问题。（三）教会学生正确审题，不写偏题。综上所述，学生如果克服了以上列出的种种错误和通过种种训练，确实能写出一篇较好的小作文，但是如果审题错误，也只是下笔千言离题万里。所以
