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1、ED分词,ED分词即过去分词，具有形容词的句法功能，在句中主要作定语和状语，有时也作表语、补语和独立成分等。,（一）表语,过去分词做表语,表示主语所处的状态。作表语的过去分词已几乎形容词化，可以被副词修饰，有比较形式。这类过去分词常见的有：accustomed, amazed, amused, astonished, bored, broken, closed, decided, dedicated, delighted, devoted, disappointed, discourage, distinguished, educated, embarrassed, excited, exha
2、usted, fascinated, frightened, interested, known, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, shocked, surprised, terrified, tired, upset, worried等,E.g. The file is rusted. She is deeply read in the classics. Einsteins theory of relativity is known all over the world. He felt thoroughly disappointed.,注意：,
3、过去分词作表语时，系动词除be外，还有appear, become, come, get, go, grow, keep, remain, seem等 E.g. The door remained locked. The battery became exhausted after long use. 过去分词作表语时，相当于形容词，表示性质或状态；被动语态中的过去分词是谓语的组成部分，表示具体的动作 We are all pleased. We are all pleased by the work done. The glass plate is broken. The glass was
4、 broken by him.,（二）定语,及物动词的过去分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词是分词行为的承受者，表示被动的行为，通常带有被动和完成意义 frozen food a finished article a moved object boiled water published writings,不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表示被动意义，只表示完成意义，如： a retired worker= a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner= a prisoner who has escaped a faded flower= a flowe
5、r that has faded,单个过去分词做定语，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前；但有时也可放在它所修饰的名词之后，这时强调分词的动作。如： the time given the department concerned Hydrogen is the lightest substance known.,由名词、副词或形容词和过去分词构成的复合形容词，放在它所修饰的名词之前。如： state-owned enterprises a well-known writer a man-made satellite,过去分词短语作定语时，放在其所修饰的名词之后，作用相当于定语从句。如： Cotton
6、and silk blouses (which are) made in China sell well in the European market. To live in the hearts of those (which are) left behind is not to die. (T. Compbell),（三）补语,宾语补语 主语补语,宾语补语,在某些表示感觉或心理状态、思维活动和某些表示使役的动词的宾语常可用分词作宾语补语，使意思完整。宾语与补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系或主系或主系表关系。这类表示感觉、思维活动的动词常见的有：catch, consider, describe,
7、 discover, feel, find, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, regard, see, show, smell, speak of, take, treat, understand, watch等。,使役动词有：get, have, keep, leave, send, set, start等。如： You must make yourself respected. We must get our products examined. 【注】： 在动词have或get后面用分词作宾语补语，即“have/g
8、et sth. +分词”结构表示： （1）动作是由别人完成的 I got my watch repaired. （2）意外或不幸的遭遇 The house had their roofs ripped off by the gale. （3）wont have表示句子中主语不允许某种情况发生 I wont have my friend laughed at.,主语补语,在分词（短语）作宾语补语的句子中，当宾语变成主语时（句中的谓语用被动语态），则原来的宾语补语变成主语补语。 All the doors were found locked. They should be kept informe
9、d of the latest developments in biochemistry.,（四）状语,分词（短语）可以做状语，修饰谓语动词，表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、让步或伴随状况，相当于相应的状语从句或并列分句。分词短语作状语，可放在句首、句末或句中，用逗号分开。,时间状语,通常位于句首表示分词所表示的动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。如果两个动词同时发生，多用“while或when+分词”结构。 Once installed, this heater operates automatically. The book when finished will cont
10、ain 200 pages. Dont speak until spoken to.,原因状语,可放在句首或句末，相当于原因状语从句。 Stunned by the news, he couldnt utter a word. Confined to bed, she needed to be waited on in everything. The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.,条件状语,可放在句首或句末。有时，分词前可加if或unless。相当于条件状语从句。 Given more time, we could have done be
11、tter. Dont leave the building unless instructed. Considered from this point of view, the question under discussion is of great importance.,结果状语,通常位于句末。有时可在分词前加thus, therefore, only等词。 They went out in such bad weather, caught in the downpour half way.,让步状语,可放在句首或句末；有时，分词前可加although, though或whether等词
12、。相当于让步状语从句。 Given the same information, people often arrive at different conclusion. Complicated in design, the machine is easy to manipulate.,方式状语,通常放在句首或句末，偶尔放在句中（主语与谓语动词之间）。有时，可在分词前加连词as if或as though。 He threw himself from his horse and lay still as if shot. Held twice a year, the Guangzhou Fair
13、is a mirror of Chinese economy. Frustrated, she went back to her home.,伴随情况状语,表示伴随的情况、陪衬性的动作或补充说明，通常放于句末，相当于并列分句。 He ended his speech, cheered by the whole audience. The children watched the acrobatic show, fascinated. For many years such thought, accused of constantly, lay hidden in her bosom.,分词的独
14、立结构,当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，则分词可以自己带逻辑主语，用名词或代词表示，直接放在分词之前。该名词与分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，形成一个整体，叫分词的复合结构。 这种带逻辑主语的分词结构，在句中常作状语。放在句首，一般表示时间、原因或条件；放在句末，一般表示附加说明或伴随、陪衬的动作。 这种结构须用逗号隔开，具有相对的独立性，所以也常称为分词的独立结构。,The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. Robert Kincaid was perspiring mildly, his top two
15、shirt buttons undone. Arthur gone, he would only be to make visits like other acquaintances. The lathe oiled and regulated, the repairman packed up their tools and went home.,（原因状语）,（方式或伴随情况状语）,（条件状语）,（时间状语）,分词独立结构在句中作状语时，有时可用介词with或without引出。 With the experiment carried out, we started new investig
16、ations. Without any grain left in the house, she had to go begging.,【注】：,在with引导的分词独立结构中，如果逻辑主语是人称代词，要用宾语。 With him taken care of, we could go on with the work. With 引导的分词独立结构有时可作后置定语。 He went into the room and saw a long wooden box with a few blankets spread over it.,关于“悬垂分词”,又叫“无依着分词”，指-ing或-ed分词结构在句中找不到它的逻辑主语，因而处于一种“悬垂”状态，即“无依着”状态,“依着法则”和“悬垂分词”,当-ing或-ed分词结构在句中起关系分句或状语分句作用时，它们都有逻辑主语，这种逻辑主语有时就是主句的主语。 Sitting at the back as we are, we cant hear a word. Jolted by the collisio
