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1、Australia,The Commonwealth of Australia,The name Australia derived from the Latin austral is, meaning southern. Since the early 20th century, the country has been referred to as Aussie is common colloquially, as an adjective and a noun referring to an Australian.,Geography,一. GEOGRAPHY 1.Location an
2、d size o location: it stretch from 10 to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. It is surrounded by the Tasman tzmn Sea(塔斯曼海(在澳大利亚和新西兰之间) )and the Pacific Ocean to the east, by the Indian Ocean to the west, by the Coral Sea(珊瑚海), the Arafura Sea(阿拉弗拉海)and Timor Sea(帝汶海)to the no
3、rth, and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight(澳大利亚海湾)to the south. the highest point: Mount Kosciusko(科西阿斯克山峰)_(2,225 meters high),Area: -7.7 million square kilometers - The worlds smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia owing to its size and isolati
4、on is often dubbed the island continent and variably considered the worlds largest island. -Australia has 34,218 kilometers of coastline (excluding all offshore islands),2.Geographic regions-The Eastern highlands-The Central-Eastern lowlands-The Western Plateau-the outback usually refer to the inter
5、ior and the center of the Western Plateau and its northern plains, -the Red Center an area with red-brown and tan soils in the heart of the country. the Great Western Plateau: a vast upland made of ancient rock; a land rather flat and about 300 meters above sea level, the interior of the plateau mad
6、e up of the Great Sandy,Desert, the Gibson Desert, the Great Victoria Desert and the Nullarbor Plai- the Eastern Highlands:- the Great Diving Range* * * the Australian Alps, the highest plateau in Australia; * Mount Kosciusko, the highest peak in Australia, * The longest river in Australia: the Murr
7、ay (2,520 km), form the major part of the boundary between the states of New South Wales and Victoria before it enters the sea in South Australia. -the central Lowlands: Laky Eyre regarded as Australias largest lake.,3.Climate - factors that affect Australias climate (1) a hot continent (2) a dry co
8、ntinent (3) causes of the hot and dry climate: - latitude: most of Australia lies between 20 to 35 south;- Australia has few mountains;-the air masses that affect Australia for most of the year are dry，sunny and high pressure cells. -distance from the ocean also affects the weather. -effects of the
9、hot and dry climate：a great effect on vegetation.,-It claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometers (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory -It is influenced by ocean currents, including the India Ocean Dipole a
10、nd the Southern Oscillation,4.Major cities - Canberra Sydney , Melbourne, Brisbane , Perth , Adelaide , Darwin 二. HISTORY 1.It is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago -It is begin with the arrival of the Aborigines -three regions Northern coast The southeast Tasmania 2. Discov
11、ery and Exploration -the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastlines, named Holland, during 17th century,3.European Settlement Late 18th and early 19th centuries The Industrial Revolution transformed the country from a largely rural society to a town-centered .-The rapid populat
12、ion growth -The rising crime rate -The colonies establish,The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent were attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Jan zoon who sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula on an unk
13、nown date in early 1606. On 26 February 1606, he made landfall at the Penne father River on the western shore of Cape York, near the modern town of Weip0061During the 17th century, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of New Holland, but made no attempt at settlement. I
14、n 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great BritainCooks discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony. The British Crown Colony of New South Wales was formed on 26 January 1788, when Captain Arth
15、ur Phillip led the First Fleet to Port Jackson. This date became Australias national day, Australia Day Van Die mens Land now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1828,The composition of Aust
16、ralias population (a) Aboriginals（and Torres Islander people (b) Immigrants and their descendents； (c) influence of Britain: many aspects such as their language, system of government, the Australian flag, legal system, sports, family and place names and even school system (including school uniforms) (d) population distribution: one of the most urbanized countries in the world (80% live in suburbs of coas
