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1、浪漫主义时期的美国文学,.,Contents,.,1.1浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）,19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人与普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖发幽古思情。19世纪浪漫主义运动的中心在新英格兰地区，主要表现形式为超验主义，它崇尚直觉，反对理性和权威，强调人有能力凭直觉直接认识真理，人能超越感觉获得知识。 超验主义理论的奠基人是爱默生，他的论自然曾被称为超验主义理论的“圣经”。在诗歌方面，新英格兰地区比较出名的诗人有郎费罗，在波士顿有
2、惠蒂诶，他的长诗大雪封门被称为“一部优美的新英格兰田园诗”，19世纪最伟大的美国浪漫主义诗人是惠特曼，1855年出版的草叶集标志着美国文学进入了一个崭新的时代。另一位革新诗人是狄金森，她被誉为美国20世纪新诗的先驱。浪漫主义时期两位最重要的小说家是霍桑和梅尔维尔，在浪漫派作家中埃德加爱伦坡是第一位美国主张为艺术而艺术的人。,.,1.2 李正栓和吴伟仁对这时期的描述,.,1.3 龙毛忠的描述,.,2 Introduction to American Transcendentalism,As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendental
3、ism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. Transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age, and the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman to the present
4、 . Emersons Nature has been called “the manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as “Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. The features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows( 李正栓，2006：243) : Firstly, the Tra
5、nscendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. Secondly, they stressed the importance of the individuals. To them, the individual was the most important element of the society. Thirdly, they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of
6、 the Spirit or God.,.,3 Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文（17831859）,Washington Irving fascinating The Sketch Book with two of his most famous stories, Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow will be placed at the top of any reading list for course on American literature(李正栓，2006：242). Washington Irving
7、 was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. In his The Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.,His works,.,4 James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀（17891851）,The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literatu
8、re is for the first time well-illustrated in Coopers Leathering-stocking Tales and was to remain a major concern for many later authors. Cooper is the first important American novelist. 库珀在美国文学史上开创了三种不同类型的小说：边疆冒险小说拓荒者、革命历史小说间谍、海上冒险小说舵手。他还创作了欧洲生活三部曲：刺客（1831）、黑衣教士（1832）、刽子手（1833）。,.,5 William Cullen B
9、ryant 威廉柯伦布莱恩特（17941878）,William Cullen Bryant,.,6 Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加艾伦坡,埃德加艾伦坡 被称为“侦探小说的鼻祖”,.,7 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生,.,8 Henry David Thoreau 亨利大卫梭罗（18171862）,.,9 Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔霍桑（18041864）,Hawthornes unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the d
10、eepest roots of mans moral nature(吴伟仁，1990：199). Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American.,.,10 Herman Melville 赫尔曼梅尔维尔（18191891）,His representative works,.,11 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利沃
11、兹沃思朗费罗（18071882）,Longfellow is the most beloved poet of his time. He became a great teacher of the masses and the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey.,.,12 Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼(May 31, 1819-March 26, 1892),Whitman was one of the great innovators in American
12、 literature. The poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.,I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe
13、 at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.,His representative work:,.,O Captain! My Captain! 哦，船长！我的船长,O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done, The ship has weatherd every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the
14、 steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! Heart! Heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! My Captain! Rise up and hear bells; Rise upfor you the flag is flungfor you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribbond wreaths-for
15、 you the shores acrowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here captain! Dear father! This am beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck, Youve fallen cold and dead. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he
16、has no pale nor will. The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells1 But I with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.,.,13 Emily Dickinson 艾米莉狄金森（18301886）,Themes of her poetry: love, morality, immorality,美国19世纪最伟大、最
