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1、词法,名词,(一) 知识概要 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类:专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义,专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称,如,the Great Wall, America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词,如pen, worker它表示单一的个体人或事物;集体名词,如:family,class, team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词,如:water,paper它表示的是一种物质,原材料;而后一种是抽象名词,如:work,
2、 time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。,名词一览表 种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage,
3、 honest 功用 主语 My family is now in New York. 表语 His father is a scientist. 宾语 We love our great motherland. 宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. 定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.,名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数
4、名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。,可数名词复数形式的构成规律是: 1. 一般情况加s,如:penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s,在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:mapmap , boyboys. 2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:busbuses,classclasses,其读音为iz。 3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结
5、尾的名词加s,其读音为iz。 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作z,如:factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boyboys,daydays。 5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如:tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos 6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knifekn
6、ives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。 7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice 8. 单复同形的名词有:fish, sheep,deer 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s,如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s,如:a stu
7、dents room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s,如:a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers,(二) 正误辨析,误Please give me a paper. 正Please give me a piece of paper. 析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样的错误,因p
8、aper在英语中是属于物质名词一类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要用与之相关的量词来表达,如:two pieces of paper. 误Please give me two letter papers. 正Please give me two pieces of letter paper. 析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词,如:Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt. 误My glasses is broken. 正My glasses are broken. 误I w
9、ant to buy two shoes. 正I want to buy two pairs of shoes. 析英语中glasses眼镜,shoes鞋,trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如:This pair of glasses is very good.,误May I borrow two radioes? 正May I borrow two radios? 析以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式,但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo
10、zoos,pianopianos. 误This is a Marys dictionary. 正This is Marys dictionary. 析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。 误There are much people in the garden. 正There are many people in the garden. 析可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰,而people是可数名词,而且是复数名词,如:The peopl
11、e are planting trees here. 误I want a few water. 正I want a little water. 析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰,但不可用many,few来修饰。,误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. 正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. 误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us. 正Toms and Mar
12、ys families are waiting for us. 误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me. 正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me. 析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有:family class, t
13、eam等。 误Dont eat too much meats. 正Dont eat too much meat. 误Food in that restaurant is very good. 正The food in that restaurant is very good. 析物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.,误Please give me two waters.
14、正Please give me two glasses of water. 正Please give me two coffees. 析物质名词如要加计量时,一定要加量词,如:two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例: Ill tell you a piece of good news. 但只有coffee可以用coffees来取
15、代many cups of coffee. 误Can you give me the newspaper of today? 正Can you give me todays newspaper? 析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如:Marys hair,但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如:a five minutes walk. 误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus. 正Please make room for the lady in the school bus. 析英语中
16、更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的, 如: room为可数名词时为“房间”,如:I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有:glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林,误There is a flowers garden behind my house. 正There is a flower garden behind my house. 析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外,还可以用来修饰另一个名词,这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式,如:shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外,如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。 误My mother bou