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1、第 1 学期 第 6 讲第 2 章 语音学与音位学（1）（Speech Sounds / Phonetics (b) they may narrow the,space considerably; or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other. 1. STOP or PLOSIVE (塞音、闭塞音或破裂音、 爆破音) 2. NASAL (鼻音) 3. FRICATIVE (摩擦音、擦音) 4. APPROXIMANT (近音) 5. LATERAL (边音) 6. TRILL (颤音
2、) 7. TAP and FLAP (一次接触音触音和闪音) 8. AFFRICATE (塞擦音 或 破擦音),关于以上内容，我们主要关注： 1. 发音描写; 2.主要代表,以下是按照发音方式所做的分类,1. STOP or PLOSIVE (塞音/闭塞音/口腔塞音或破裂音/爆破音),发音描写：Complete closure of the articulators is involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth. 发该音时，发音器官完全关闭，气流无法从口腔通过 发音的三个阶段： 1. the closing
3、phase / 闭塞期（闭合期） 2. the hold or compression phase/ 相持期或压缩期 3. the release phase (or PLOSION) 释放期 此音何以得名: (略),主要代表：英语语音中的p, b, t, d, k, g是爆破音。,2. NASAL (鼻音鼻腔塞音),发音描写和分类：If the air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that it can go out though the nasal cavity, the sound produc
4、ed is a NASAL STOP. Otherwise it is an ORAL STOP. 如果气流在口腔中受阻，同时软腭下垂，使得气流得以穿过鼻腔，这样发出的音是鼻腔塞音，否则是口腔塞音 此音何以得名：Although both types of sounds are stops, phoneticians have retained the term STOP to indicate an oral stop and used the term NASAL to indicate a nasal stop.,主要代表：英语和汉语语音中的m, n, 属于鼻音即鼻塞音。,3. FRIC
5、ATIVE (摩擦音擦音 ),发音描写：A fricative is produced when there is close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced. 两个发音体靠拢，导致气流部分阻隔，从而气流发生振荡。 此音何以得名：The audible friction defines this class of sounds and thus explains the label “fricativ
6、e”. 主要代表：英语语音中的f, v, , , s, z, , ，h。,4. APPROXIMATANT (近音),发音描写：This is an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. The gap between the articulators is therefore larger than for a f
7、ricative and no turbulence (friction) is generated. 发这个音时，两个发音体相互靠近使得声道变窄，但是变窄的程度又不至于产生气流振荡；所以，此时两个发音体之间的空隙比发摩擦音时要大，也不会产生振荡(摩擦)。 主要代表与必要说明： 见下页,1. 英语中的这类音包括w，j (为了印刷的方便，常常用r来表示，虽然它们在国际音标里不是同一个音） 2. 因为j和w也可以被分析为元音，所以值得注意的是这个范畴与元音范畴重叠。,5. LATERAL (边音),发音描写：The obstruction of the airstream is at a poin
8、t along the center of the vocal tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof and the mouth. 气流在口腔通道中心的某一点上受阻，并在舌的一侧或两侧与口腔顶部之间形成不完全闭塞。 此音何以得名：As the lateral passage forms a stricture of open approximation, it is called “lateral”. If friction is produced, it is a
9、 “lateral fricative”. If no noise of friction is produced, it is a “lateral approximant”. 由于舌边通道形成对近音的阻塞，所以被称作“边音”。如果,形成了摩擦，则被称作“边摩擦音”。如果没有摩擦产生，则被称作“边近音”。 主要代表：l是英语中唯一的边音。,6. TRILL (颤音),发音描写：A trill (sometimes called ROLL) is produced when an articulator is set vibrating by the airstream. 当发音体受气流影响而
10、振动时，颤音(有时称作ROLL) 便产生了 主要代表：主要的颤音是r；比如，某些苏格兰英语单词red 和rye中的 r音。,7.1. TAP (一次接触音触音 ),背景知识：过去，一次接触音和闪音曾经被划为同一范畴，但是最近语音学家们一致认为有必要将二者区分开来。 发音描写：When the tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge to produce only one vibration, the sound is called a tap(). 当舌接触齿龈隆骨一次，有且只有一次振动，那么所发出的音就是一次接触音。 主要代表
11、：一个例子就是用美式发音来替换city和letter等词语中的t, d, n音。,7.2. FLAP (闪音),发音描写：The flap (符号空缺) is pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture and then striking the roof of the mouth in the post-alveolar regions as it returns to its position behind the lower front teeth. 发这个音时，舌尖向上向
12、后翻转，然后回到下前齿的后边，然后在后齿龈区触碰上颚而发出的。 主要代表：在某些美式英语中，闪音发生在重音节中带r的元音之后，例如dirty和sorting。,8. AFFRICATE (塞擦音 或 破擦音),发音描写：Affricates involve more than on of these manners of articulation in that they consists of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation. 塞擦音的发音涉及不止一
13、种发音方式，因为紧随一个塞音之后，在相同的发音部位再发一个摩擦音。 主要代表：英语中，church中的t音和jet中的d都是塞擦音。,以下是按照发音部位所做的分类,PLACE of ARTICULATION refers to the point where a consonant is made. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds. 1. BILABIAL (双唇音) 2. LABIODENTAL (唇齿音) 3. DENTAL (齿音) 4. AL
14、VEOLAR (齿龈音) 5. POSTALVEOLAR (齿龈后音) 6. RETROFLEX (卷舌音) 7. PALATAL (硬腭音),8. VELAR (软腭音) 9. UVULAR (小舌音) 10. PHARYNGEAL (咽音) 11. GLOTTAL (声门音) 关于以上内容，我们主要关注： 1. 发音描写; 2.主要代表,1. BILABIAL (双唇音),发音描写：Bilabial consonants are made with the two lips. 双唇辅音是通过双唇发出的 主要代表：英语中的双唇音包括p, b, m，例如pet, bet 和met。 特别说明：
15、we 和wet中的w音虽然涉及上下唇的接近，但是发音又有细微差异，也就是说，由于舌体同时抬高至软腭处，w在国际音标里被当作是唇软腭近音(labial-velar approximant)，所以被排除在主要辅音表之外，而被列入“其他符号”。,2. LABIODENTAL (唇齿音),发音描写：Labiodentals are made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth. 唇齿音是由下唇和上前齿发出的 主要代表：例如，fire和via中的f, v就是通过抬升上唇，直到几乎接触到上前齿时发出的。 额外注释：实际是指上齿下唇音。,3. DENTA
16、L (齿音),发音描写：Dental sounds are made by the tongue tip or blade (depending on the accent or language) and the upper front teeth. 齿音是由舌尖或舌面(取决于具体口音或语言)与上前齿发出的 主要代表：只有摩擦音，才被认为是严格意义上的齿音。 “They think that they should thank them thoroughly.” “There are thirty-three thousand, three hundred and thirty-three features on that thrushs throat.”,4. ALVEOLAR (齿龈音),发音描写：Alveolars are made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge. 齿龈音是由舌尖或舌面与齿龈发出的 主要代表：英语中在此部位上的语音很多，有t, d, n, s, z, 空格, l
