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1、Grammar,小结-ing 形式的功能,功能： -ing分词具有动词的一些特征，可带自己的宾语或状语，从而一起构成动词ing 形式的短语。这个动词ing 形式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句子中，可做句子的主语、宾语、宾语的补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等成分。,(1) 作主语 -ing分词短语放在句子的前面做主语，但当-ing分词短语较长时，为了使句子保持平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放到句子的末尾。 Reading makes a man perfect. 阅读使人完美。 Crying over spilt milk is no use. It is no use cr
2、ying over spilt milk. 牛奶倒了，哭也无益。,-ing分词做真正的主语时常用于句型： It is no use doing/ It is no good doing / It is useless doing/ It is worthwhile doing/dangerous doing/a waste of time/fun, there is no doing如： It is no good reading in the sun. 在阳光下看书是不好的。 It is useless remembering words only. 只记单词是没有用的。,(2) 作宾语 -
3、ing分词既可做某些动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。 a. -ing分词并不是做所有及物动词的宾语，而是只能做某些及物动词的宾语，如：admit, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, keep, pardon, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, resist, risk, suggest, stop及下列短语动词的宾语： carry on, cant help, f
4、eel like, give up, keep on, put off, set about, object to, insist on, prevent from, pay attention to, stick to, refer to, get down to, look forwards to, devoteto, be / get used to, lead to。,I dislike playing cards. 我不喜欢打牌。 He enjoys reading stories. 她喜欢读故事。 He got down to working as soon as he got t
5、o the office. 他一进入办公室就开始 工作。,b. 下列动词或形容词: want, require, need, deserve, worth带-ing分词作宾语时，主动形式表被动意义。如： The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。 The house requires repairing at once. 这座房子需要马上维修。,c. 介词除besides, but, except接不定式外，一般都须接-ing分词作宾语。如： You must finish your work before going to the concert. 你必须在去听音乐
6、演唱会之前必须把工作完成。 On seeing her mother, the little girl began to cry out. 这个小女孩一看见她的母亲就大哭了起来。,(3) 作表语 -ing分词作表语时，有两种情况，一方面，当-ing分词具有名词性质时，-ing分词短语说明主语的内容；另一方面，当-ing分词具有形容词性质时，-ing分词说明主语的性质或特征。如： His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英语。(说明工作的内容) His job is interesting. 他的工作很有趣。(说明工作的特征) 注意：当-ing分词的动作是主语所发出
7、的时，句子不是系表结构，而是动词现在进行时。如： He is teaching Japanese at that school. 他在那所学校教日语。(现在进行时),(4) 作宾语的补足语 下列动词可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。 a. 感、知觉动词：feel, hear, look at, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch 可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如： I heard her singing in the next door? 当时我听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ I watched them playing volleyball on
8、 the playing ground. 我观看他们在操场上打排球。,b. 动词find, get, have, keep, leave, send，suggest可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如： I found the missing boy playing by the river. 我发现那个失踪的男孩在河边玩。 Dont have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down. 不要让客人站在那里, 请他入坐。,(5) 作定语 -ing分词作定语时，分两种情况。 a. 单个的动词ing 形式作定语时，它总是位于被修饰的名词之前，
9、说明被修饰名词的目的、用途或特征。如： China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。 Would you please give me some writing paper? 请给一些书写纸好吗？,b. -ing分词接名词、代词或副词构成的短语作定语时，总是位于所修饰的名词之后，说明名词所处的状态或进行的动作。如： The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei. 在教室里学习的那个男孩是李蕾。 Dont trouble the dog sleeping over there. 不要惹事生非。,提醒：动词的ing形
10、式的完成 式一般只用来作状语，不作定语.,(6) 作同位语 -ing分词作同位语时，位于同位的名词之后，且跟前面的名词用逗号隔开，表示前面名词的内容。如： His idea, helping farmers get in their crops, interested us very much. 他那帮助农民收割庄稼的想法使我们很感兴趣。 The goal, making two thousand cars this mouth, excites the workers. 本月生产两千辆小汽车的目标使工人们很兴奋。,(7) 作状语 -ing分词在句子中做状语，表示谓语动词所发生的时间、原因、条
11、件、让步、方式、伴随、目的、程度和结果。相当于一个状语从句。 1.时间性：如果动词ing形式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，用一般式（doing),如果先于谓语动词的动作发生，用其完成式（having done）: Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine. Having finished the letter, he went to post it.,2. 语法性：如果句子主语是分词的逻辑主语，分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系就用分词主动式（doing/having done）,分词和逻辑主语之间是被动关系是被动关系就用分词被动式（
12、being done/having been done）: Having been shown around the factory, they were very happy. Having finished his homework, he went to bed. 提醒：有些动词ing形式在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往为句子的独立成分来修饰整个句子，青蛙说话者的态度，观点等。例如：generally speaking, judging by/from, taking everything into consideration.,2. ing形式的完成式,例句： (Having been)
13、written in haste, the book has some faults. 这本书因仓促写成，所以有些缺憾。,分词 (短语) 作状语时, 其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。,3. 使用- ing形式需注意的几个问题。,My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didnt want the children to play together. 我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间, 解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。,(现在分词explaining是句子主语m
14、y wife做的动作,它们之间是主动关系, 即explaining的逻辑主语，就是句子的主语my wife 。)The train having gone, we had to wait another day.（the train逻辑主语 + having gone 即为独立主格结构）,分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分，分词和主句之间可用逗号。,例如:误: Having been told many times, but he still couldnt und
15、erstand it.正: He was told many times, but he still couldnt understand it. 或 Having been told many times, he still couldnt understand it.,-ing的一般式和完成式现在分词都可以表示先后接连发生的动作。在可能引起误解的场合应该用完成式现在分词表示先发生的动作。,例如: Opening the drawer，he took out his wallet. (=He opened the drawer and took out his wallet.) 他打开抽屉，
16、拿出钱包。,Coming into the room, he put down his bag. (=He came into the room and put down his bag.) 他走进房间，放下提包。,Having brushed his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast. 布朗先生刷过牙, 就下楼来吃早饭。(此句如写成: Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast. 可能指 “边刷牙, 边下楼 。),分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上 not, never等否定词构成。,例如:Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道 怕火，用手去摸，把手指烫了。Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for h
