《环境概论第1讲概述 生态系统与能量课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《环境概论第1讲概述 生态系统与能量课件（129页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、环境概论Introduction to Environment,董 方 土木与水利工程学院 ,第1讲 Introduction , Ecosystem and Energy 概述, 生态系统与能量,本课程主要参考书之一,Environment 4/e Raven a body made up of organs, organelles, or other parts that work together to carry on the various processes of life. 有机生物：一种个体生命形式，如植物、动物、细菌、原生生物或者真菌；一个由有机器官、细胞器或其它部件组成的并
2、在一起共同运作以进行生命历程的整体,The levels of biological organization生物组织层次,Species: A fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding. 物种：一种基本的生物分类，级别低于属或亚属，由能够进行杂交（混种）的相关有机体组成. A species is a group of similar organi
3、sms whose members freely interbreed with one another in the wild to produce fertile offspring; members of one species do not interbreed with other species of organisms.,Population: All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat. 种群，族群：构成某一群体或生活在某一栖居地的所有生物 Communit
4、y: A group of plants and animals living and interacting with one another in a specific region under relatively similar environmental conditions. Or, all the populations of different species that living together in the same area at the same time 群落：一群植物和动物，在有比较相似的环境条件的特定区域生活和相互影响,The levels of biolog
5、ical organization生物组织层次,The levels of biological organization生物组织层次,Ecoystem: A community and its physical environment. Includes all the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their abiotic environment. These interactions form a complex network of energy flow and materials cycling 生态
6、系统: 群落与其自然环境 Landscape: a region that includes several ecosystem. 景观: 包含几个生态系统的一个区域 Biome: A major regional or global biotic community, such as a grassland or desert, characterized chiefly by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate. 生物群落区：大区域或全球性生物群居地，如草地或沙漠，主要以占优势植物和最常见的气候为特征 Bi
7、osphere: The layer of Earth containing all living organisms. As an ecological system, the biosphere interacts with land, the water, and the atmosphere. 生物圈: 含有所有有机生物的地表圈层,Levels of biological Organization,Biosphere生物圈 Landscape 景观，含几个生态系统的区域 Community生物群落 Ecosystem 生态系统 Population生物种群 Organism生物体 Or
8、gan器官 Tissue组织 Cell 细胞 Organelle 细胞器 Molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles分子, 原子, 亚原子,Organization levels of life,Coral reef community 珊瑚礁群落 Coral reef communities have the greatest number of species and are the most complex aquatic community水生群落.,The atmosphere contains cumulus clouds积云, which
9、indicate warm, moist air. The jagged spires of rock, formed from volcanic lava flows that have eroded over time, represent the lithosphere. The shallow water the bay represents the hydrosphere. The biosphere includes the green vegetation and human settlement along the shore as well as the coral reef
10、s visible as darker areas in the bay.,The Energy of Life,Energy is the capacity or ability to do work. In organisms, the biological work that requires energy includes process such as growing, moving, reproducing, and maintaining and repairing damaged tissues. Forms of energy能量的形式 Chemical energy化学能:
11、 Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. For example, food contains chemical energy. Radiant, or solar, energy辐射或太阳能: Energy transported from the sun as electromagnetic waves. Heat energy热能: Thermal energy that flows an object with a higher temperature (the heat source) to an object with a
12、 lower temperature (the heat sink). Mechanical energy机械能: Energy in the movement matter. Nuclear energy核能: Energy found within atomic nuclei. Electrical energy电能: Energy that flows as charged particles,Units of work功单位: kilojoules, kJ.千焦 Units of heat energy热能单位: kilocalories, kcal 大卡,千卡 One kilocal
13、orie, which is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1C, equals 4.184 kJ. Potential energy势能 stored Kinetic energy动能 motion,生态系统是个热力学系统,与能量有关的两个重要原理，是热力学第一定律和第二定律。它们虽然在数学上可以作出严格的定义，在这里，仅作一般的叙述。热力学第一定律是指，能量既不能创造，也不能消灭，只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。所以，进入一个系统的全部能量，最终要释放出去或贮存在该系统之内。 虽然总的能量收
14、支应当是平衡的，但能量形式可以转换。食物中的化学能可以转化为机械能。绿色植物能够吸收太阳的光能，借助光合作用，把太阳能转化为化学能。苹火虫能够吸收化学能，并把它转变为光能；电鳗则把化学能转变为电能。但在这些转化中，必须考虑到能量的总和。,能量是单向流,生态系统能量的流动是单一方向的。能量以光能的状态进入生态系统后，就不能再以光的形式存在，而是以热的形式不断地逸散于环境之中。热力学第二定律注意到宇宙在每一个地方都趋向于均匀的熵。它只能向自由能减少的方向进行而不能逆转。所以，从宏观上看，熵总是日益增加。 能量在生态系统中流动，很大一部分被各个营养级的生物利用。与此同时，通过呼吸作用以热的形式散失。
15、散失到空间的热能不能再回到生态系统中参与流动。因为至今尚未发现以热能作为能源合成有机物的生物。 能流的单一方向性主要表现在三个方面：太阳的辐射能以光能的形式输人生态系统后，通过光合作用被植物所固定，此后不能再以光能的形式返回；自养生物被异养生物摄食后，能量就由自养生物流到异养生物体内，也不能再返回给自养生物；从总的能流途径而言，能量只是一次性流经生态系统，是不可逆的。,Photosynthesis光合作用 The process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized
16、from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms of photosynthesis release oxygen as a byproduct. 在绿色植物或其它有机物中，以光作为能量来源，用二氧化碳和水合成碳氢化合物的过程。大部分形式的光合作用都释放氧气作为副产品 Cellular respiration细胞呼吸作用 The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances. 活细胞通过有机物质的氧化作用产生能量的一系列新陈代谢过程,生态系统的组成与结构, 以池塘和草地作为实例,一、非生物环境 非生物环境包括参加物质循环的无机元素和化合物(如C、N、CO2、O2、Ca、P、K)、联系生物和非生物成分的有机物质(如蛋白质、糖类、脂类和腐殖质等)和气候或其他物理条件(如温度、压力)。 二、生产者producer
