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1、 I. TOPIC： Hamlet（Act 3, Scene 1, lines 55-86） II. OBJECTIVES: A） Introduction B） The main idea of “Hamlet” and its themes C） A study of the text 1. The main idea of Act 3, Scene 1 2. Key points 3. Stylistic features 4. Comment on “Hamlet” D） Assignment2021/8/261Introduction * As the greatest dramat
2、ist in the world literature，Shakespeare is remembered by the entire world for centuries and his works are read, put onto the stage, loved and memorized with an intense passion.2021/8/262* “Hamlet” is the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeares most popular play on the sta
3、ge and can be reckoned as the summit of all Shakespeares works.* The story of “Hamlet” is about the revenge of Prince Hamlet, based on an old Danish legend of the 13th century widespread in northern Europe .2021/8/2632021/8/2642021/8/2652021/8/2662021/8/267 1. 1. the vengeance of a sonthe vengeance
4、of a son 2. 2. to die suddenlyto die suddenly 3. the wedding 3. the wedding 4. to brood 4. to brood 5. 5. ghosts appearanceghosts appearance 6. 6. to pretend to be madto pretend to be mad 7. to estrange himself from his friends 7. to estrange himself from his friends 8. 8. the performance of a play
5、within a playthe performance of a play within a play 9. 9. sent him to Englandsent him to England 10.10. Ophelias death. Ophelias death. 11. 11. a fencing matcha fencing match 12. to drink the poisoned wine 12. to drink the poisoned wine 13. to kill Claudius 13. to kill ClaudiusThe main idea of “Ham
6、let”2021/8/268The chief elements: 1.The stories of murder and revenge2.The appearance of a ghost3.The performance of a play within a play4Whether he was mad 2021/8/269Themes to reveal the power-seeking, the jostling for place, the hidden motives, the courteous superficialities that veil lust and gui
7、lt, to condemn the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption.2021/8/2610The main idea of Act 3, Scene 1 1. to focus on the deep conflict within Hamlet. 1. to focus on the deep conflict within Hamlet. 2. open amid agitation and gloom. 2. open amid agitation and gloom. 3. Hamlets brooding. 3. Ham
8、lets brooding. 4. fathers 4. fathers ghost.ghost. 5. to be torn between the demands of his 5. to be torn between the demands of his emotions emotions and the hesitant skepticism and the hesitant skepticism of his mind. of his mind. 6. to reveal this conflict in several famous and 6. to reveal this c
9、onflict in several famous and eloquent soliloquies. eloquent soliloquies. 7. The “To be or not to be” soliloquy is central to Hamlets 7. The “To be or not to be” soliloquy is central to Hamlets personality. personality. 8. an excellent example of Hamlet 8. an excellent example of Hamlet not doing an
10、ythingnot doing anything. . 9. to look too closely at our plans. 9. to look too closely at our plans. 10. a sense of utter world weariness as well as the authors incisive 10. a sense of utter world weariness as well as the authors incisive comments. comments. 2021/8/2611Key points 1) 1) “To “To be b
11、e , , or or not not to to bethat bethat is is the the question:/Whether question:/Whether tis tis nobler nobler in in the the mind mind to to suffer/The suffer/The slings slings and and arrows arrows fortune/Or fortune/Or to to take take arms arms against against a a sea sea of of troubles,/And trou
12、bles,/And by opposing end them.by opposing end them. “To “To be be , , or or not not to to bethat bethat is is the the question”: question”: to to live live on on in in this this world world or or to to die; die; to to suffer suffer or or to to take take action; action; to to take take action or to
13、do nothing; to beaction or to do nothing; to be：to exist.to exist. “in the mind to suffer”: passively to suffer “in the mind to suffer”: passively to suffer “slings and arrows”: attacks. “slings and arrows”: attacks. “to “to take take arms arms against against a a sea sea of of troubles”: troubles”:
14、 to to take take up up arms arms against against troubles troubles that that sweep sweep upon upon us us like like a a sea. sea. The The “troubles” “troubles” is is pictured pictured as as advancing advancing like like some some overwhelming tide.overwhelming tide.2021/8/2612 Further explanation： Ha
15、mlet Hamlet is is depressed depressed and and disillusioned disillusioned when when he he hears hears his his mothers mothers hasty hasty marriage marriage to to his his uncle uncle and and his his fathers fathers being being murdering. murdering. He He feels feels everyone everyone and and everythi
16、ng everything is is tainted tainted so so that that he he is is torn torn between between emotions emotions and and the the hesitant hesitant skepticism skepticism of of his his mindmind. . It It can can reveal reveal Hamlets Hamlets personalitythe complex deep conflict.personalitythe complex deep c
17、onflict.2021/8/26132) “To dieto sleep/No more; The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks /That flesh is heir to, ” : “To dieto sleep” : To die is to sleep. “No more”: to die is to be no more. “The heartache, That flesh is heir to ”: all kinds of sufferings (shocks) that naturally occur to human
18、 beings (“flesh”human body); “natural shocks”: attacks made by nature.2021/8/2614 Further explanation： Hamlet Hamlet here here gives gives the the reasons reasons why why he he wants wants to to commit commit suicidesuicide. . That That is is his his personal personal revenge revenge and and that th
19、at he he cannot cannot bear bear the social injustice and grievance.the social injustice and grievance.2021/8/26153) “To dieto sleep. /To sleepperchance to dream：ay, theres the rub! /For in that sleep of death /When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, /Must give us pause. ”： “perchance”：maybe. “r
20、ub”：obstacle, impediment. Here it refers to the doubt or difficulty. “shuffled off this mortal coil”： end this life; “mortal coil”：turmoil of mortality, human life. “give us pause”：make us hesitate. 2021/8/2616 Further explanation： Hamlet Hamlet here here gives gives the the reasons reasons why why
21、he he does does not not want want to to commit commit suicide.suicide. He He feels feels hesitant hesitant to to kill kill himself himself because because he he thinks thinks that that some some terrible terrible dreams dreams may may trouble trouble him him after after his his death.death.2021/8/26
22、174) 4) “Theres “Theres the the respect respect /That /That makes makes calamity calamity of of so so long long life./For life./For who who would would bear bear the the whips whips and and scorns scorns of of time, time, /The /The insolence insolence of of office, office, and and the the spurns/Tha
23、t spurns/That patient patient merit merit of of th th unworthy unworthy takes,/When takes,/When he he himself himself might might his his quietus quietus make,/With a bare bodkin? ” :make,/With a bare bodkin? ” : “That “That makes makes calamity calamity of of so so long long life.”: life.”: That Th
24、at makes makes calamity of so long-lived, lasting.calamity of so long-lived, lasting. “the “the whips whips and and scorns scorns of of time”: time”: the the suffering suffering in in our our epoch.epoch. “contumely”: contempt, insolence. “contumely”: contempt, insolence. “The “The insolence insolen
25、ce of of office”: office”: the the haughty haughty and and contemptuous contemptuous behavior behavior shown shown by by holders holders of of high high governmental governmental posts./ posts./ the contempt held by the people of high rank.the contempt held by the people of high rank. “spurns”: insu
26、lts, contempt, disdain, indignity. “spurns”: insults, contempt, disdain, indignity. 2021/8/2618“The insolence of office”: the haughty and contemptuous behavior shown by holders of high governmental posts./ the contempt held by the people of high rank.“spurns”: insults, contempt, disdain.“That takes”
27、: the people of endure at the hands of the unworthy.“quietus”: the final settlement of an account.“fardels”: burdens.“grunt” : groan.2021/8/2619 Further explanation： The The lines lines reveal reveal the the calamity calamity and and injusticeinjustice of of the the reality reality of of the the soc
28、iety. society. Even Even under under the the conditions conditions the the sufferers would prefer endurance to committing suicide.sufferers would prefer endurance to committing suicide.2021/8/26205 5 ) ) “Who “Who would would these these fardels fardels bear,/To bear,/To grunt grunt and and sweat sw
29、eat under under a a weary weary life, life, /But /But that that the the dread dread of of something something after after death death /The /The undiscoverd undiscoverd country, country, from from whose whose bourn/No bourn/No traveler traveler returnspuzzles returnspuzzles the the will,/And will,/An
30、d makes makes us us those those we we have/ have/ /Than /Than fly fly to to we we know know not not of of ?”?”： “quietus”: the final settlement of an account.“quietus”: the final settlement of an account. “fardels”: burdens. “fardels”: burdens. “grunt” : groan. “grunt” : groan. “ “The The undiscover
31、d undiscoverd country”: country”: the the unknown unknown place/where place/where we go after death.we go after death. “bourn”: boundary. “bourn”: boundary. “ills”: harms, disaster, calamity. “ills”: harms, disaster, calamity.2021/8/2621 Further explanation： Hamlet further talks about the more reaso
32、ns why he wants to live. That is, the present life is in troubles and sufferings, but death is unforeseen, so the same thing will happen. The living can choose death, but the dead cannot have any choices. Therefore, as far as the unknown place of death is concerned, the people will never return to t
33、he real world , which is very terrible.2021/8/26226) “Thus conscience does make great pitch and moment/ With this regard the name of action”： “conscience”: reflection, consciousness, serious thought, contemplation, meditation. “the native hue of resolution” ：natural colour. It means determination/ac
34、tion. “sicklied oer” ：covered with a sickly colour. “the pale cast of thought” ：the pale look of melancholy. The reference is to the ruddy color associated with the sanguine temperament as contrasted with the tinge of melancholy. 2021/8/2623 “pitch”: significance, importance. “with this regard”: in
35、consideration of this, on this account. “their currents turn awry”: turn away from their original purpose. “lose the name of action” ：fail to be put into action. “Thus conscience does make cowards with the pale cast of thought”: A natural decision becomes weakened by melancholy thought. 2021/8/2624
36、Further explanation： These These lines lines suggest suggest that that too too much much thinking thinking or or consideration consideration makes makes action action impossible.impossible. Here Here Hamlet Hamlet is is not not only only talking talking about about actual actual suicide, suicide, he
37、s hes also also talking talking about about “lifelong “lifelong suicide” suicide” by by doing doing nothing, nothing, choosing choosing the the easy easy passive passive approach approach to to life. life. What What is is more, more, they they suggest suggest Hamlet Hamlet would would be be determin
38、ed determined to to take take an an action action regardless regardless of life and death. of life and death. 2021/8/2625Stylistic features Metaphor: “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune”: It is a metaphor by which Shakespeare compares misfortune/adversity to poisonous arrowsa vivid portraya
39、l of misfortune and death.2021/8/2626Rhetorical questions: 1. Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer And by opposing end them? 2. For who would bear a bare bodkin? 3. Who would those fardels bear not of? The rhetorical questions bring the readers to deeper consideration of the problems, thus leavi
40、ng deep impression upon the readers, emphasizing the theme.2021/8/2627Examples1. Is that a reason for despair? It strongly negates the reason for despair.2. Is no one going to defend me? The speaker is sure that sb. is going to defend him.3. If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? cf. If winter c
41、omes, spring will not be far behind.2021/8/2628Comment on “Hamlet” Hamlet is the central figure of the tragedy and much of the dramatic impact of the play derives from the complexity of his nature. He is, at one and the same time, gentle and cruel, loving and vengeful, a deeply reflective introvert
42、and a man capable of acting on impulse.2021/8/2629 As an ideal man, he is forthright and honest by nature. He is a reasonably good judge of character; he has courage (e.g. in the battle at sea he led the fight against the pirates); and he is well liked by the Danes, which is indeed one of the reason
43、s why Claudius did not punish him for killing Polonius.2021/8/2630 A crucial but controversial issue in the consideration of Hamlets character is whether he was mad. Both positive and negative interpretations can be supported with evidence from the play. Hamlet is capable of calculated cruelty. He r
44、efuses to kill Claudius when the King is at prayer because he wants to punish him both in this world and the next.2021/8/2631 Hamlet is an intriguing character. He prefers to be a thinker but is cast in the role of an avenger. He is intelligent and sensitive, deeply disturbed by the evil and the fai
45、thlessness with which he is surrounded. His sudden swings from inactivity to impulsive rashness may not make him an easy character to classify but they make him one of the most perennially interesting characters in literature.2021/8/2632 The tragic greatness of the central character trying to resolv
46、e conflicts internal as well as external, the luminous insight into human motives and passions, and the terrible sweep of forces ruthlessly crushing the innocent with the guiltyall these give “Hamlet” a place among the worlds greatest dramas.2021/8/2633 Hamlet as a humanist: His learning, wisdom, no
47、ble nature, as well as limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the century. Hamlet may be regarded as a humanist of Shakespeare age. Like other humanists, he sees the ugly reality, dreams of healthful human relations, and yet is unable to realize his dream. And
48、the brighter the dream, the more gloomy becomes for him the surrounding reality, and the more acute are his mental conflicts. 2021/8/2634 Hamlet has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death. 2021/8/2635A brief comment on the soliloquy beginnin
49、g with line “To be or not to be ” The The monologue, monologue, a a psychological psychological exploration exploration of of life life and and death, death, reveals reveals the the character character of of Hamlet Hamlet as as a a man man of of contemplation contemplation rather rather than than ac
50、tion. action. With With the the intolerable intolerable burden burden of of the the duty duty to to revenge revenge his his fathers fathers death death and and the the challenge challenge of of evil evil forces, forces, Hamlet Hamlet seems seems to to withdraw withdraw into into a a mental mental wo
51、rld world which which is is thrown thrown into into a a conflict conflict or or a a choice choice between between life life and and death. death. 2021/8/2636 The The philosophical philosophical speculation speculation mixed mixed up up a a deep deep pessimistic pessimistic outlook outlook resists re
52、sists against against action action at at first, first, but but awakens awakens the the hero hero out out of of his his melancholy melancholy to to a a sense sense of of the the “enterprise “enterprise of of great great pith pith and and moment”, moment”, indicating indicating that that he he is to
53、do something for what he concerns himself with.is to do something for what he concerns himself with.2021/8/2637A brief comment on the theme of Shakespeares “Hamlet” Shakespeare depicts the image Hamlet as a Renaissance humanist to embody the dramatists own ideals, personal ideal, and social and poli
54、tical one.2021/8/2638 In Hamlets case, first and foremost is his own personal ideal, that of filial piety and a strong sense of justice that demands revenge, but he has his social and political ideals too. On the one hand, he eulogizes the infinite capabilities of man: “What a piece of work is man;
55、how noble in reason! How infinite in faculty ! ”2021/8/2639 On the other hand he sees and hopes to get rid of the social evils besetting human beings, as he speaks of “a sea of troubles”. So Hamlet engages himself in personal revenge but at the same time intends to set right the “time” that is “out
56、of joint”. 2021/8/2640 The burden of these duties makes Hamlet a man of contemplation rather than of action, which leads to the soliloquies revealing the inner working of his mind. Then, the struggle between good and evil dominatively controls the scene of Hamlets tragedy, a tragedy of a humanist wh
57、o is always to see and construct a better world. 2021/8/2641Assignment1. Discuss the character of Hamlet. 2. Why is Hamlet unable to take prompt action? 3. Give A brief comment on the soliloquy beginning with line “To be or not to be ”.4. Preview Sonnet 18 with the following questions: 1）What is the main idea of the sonnet? 2）What is the theme of the sonnet?2021/8/2642部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！
