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1、英语长、难句子翻译技巧,虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，表示所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设，愿望，建议，怀疑，猜测或不大可能实现的空想。,I.虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中,虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中，通常从句由连词if 引导, 通常表达三种含义: 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 注意:在条件状语从句中，如果有were, should, had，可以把连词if 省去，把 were, should, had 提前放在句首，构成条件意义。,1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: I
2、f +主语 +动词过去式 (be的过去式用were) 主句: 主语+ would/should/ could/ might+原形动词 E.g. If I feared death, I wouldnt be a communist. 怕死就不做共产党员。 If there were no air, we couldnt live. 如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。,1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: If +主语 +动词过去式 (be的过去式用were) 主句: 主语+ would/should/ could/ might+原形动词 E.g. If I feared death, I
3、 wouldnt be a communist. 怕死就不做共产党员。 If there were no air, we couldnt live. 如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。,Exercise: I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him. A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know I _ it to him if I thought he would understand. A. shall explain B. will explain C. would explain D. exp
4、lain,2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: If + 主语 + 动词过去完成式 主句: 主语 + would, should, could, might+have + 过去分词 E.g. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 如果你早来几分钟，你就会碰上他。 If there had been no air in the tube, the result of the experiment would have been more accurate. 如果试管中没有空气，实验结果就会更精确。,
5、Exercise: If you hadnt gone with Tom to the party last night, _. A. you would meet John already B. you wont have missed John C. you will have met John D. you would have met John,3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 条件状语从句: If + 主语+ should +原形动词， 或If + 主语+ were+不定式+原形动词 主句: 主语+would/should/could/might +原形动词 E.g. If he we
6、re to come tomorrow, things would be easier.假如他明天会来，事情就容易办了。 If the sand should be broken up, it would give out much energy. 如果沙子能被分解，它会释放出大量的能量。,注：在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中，从句中的should有时可以省略。 E.g. If he make the design, he might do it in some other way. 要是他来搞这个设计，他可能用另外的方法设计。 Exercise: If the sea _ to rise
7、50 feet, India would become an island. A. will B. is C. was D. were If you _ to see Mary, what would you tell her? A. are B. will be going C. must D. were,错综时间的虚拟语气 在一些含有虚拟语气的句子中，如果主句与从句的谓语表示不同的时间，虚拟语气可有不同形式，即主句与从句各自按自己的时间构成虚拟形式。 E.g. If I had met him before, I could recognize him. 要是我以前遇见过他，我就能认出他了
8、。（从句表示与过去事实相反，主句表示与现在或将来事实相反） If we were driving at a speed of 100 Li an hour, we would have arrived there 2 hours ago. 如果我们的行车速度每小时100里，两小时以前我们就会到达那里了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）,省略连词if 在条件状语从句中，如果有were, should, had，可以把连词if 省去，把 were, should, had 提前放在句首，构成条件意义。 E.g. Should it rain tomorrow, what would yo
9、u do? 万一明天下雨，你怎么办？ Were there no friction, we could not walk. 要是没有摩擦力, 我们就不能行走。 Had we known about the new method, we should have applied it earlier. 如果我们过去知道这种新方法，我们早就应用了。,Exercise: Had Alice been more hardworking, she_. A. had not failed B. would not fail C. could not be failed D. would not have f
10、ailed _ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves _ difficulties, we would be successful. A. Should we overcome B. Would we overcome C. Might we overcome D. Could we overcome,II. 虚拟语气用在 wish 后的宾语从句中,虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中，（常常省去连词that），表示不
11、可能实现的愿望。1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望 2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望 3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望,1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望 主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + 动词过去式 （be 一律用were） E.g. I wish I knew everything in the world. I wish that the experiment were a success. We wish we had wings. 我们希望有翅膀。 Exercise: I wish it _ not so cold outside. A. shall be B. be C. were
12、 D. is I wish I _ you better. A. know B. knew C. will know D. have known,2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望 主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词或had + 过去分词 E.g. I wish that you had called yesterday. I wish that I could have gone with you last night. I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I had been there
13、. Exercise: I wish you _ such a great deal of fuss. A. were not caused B. had not caused C. have not caused D. are not caused I wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the concert. A. hadnt had B. hadnt C. didnt have D. hadnt have,3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望 主语 + wish (th
14、at) + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might + 原形动词 E.g. I wish that he could try again. I wish that someday I should live on the moon. We wish that they would come soon. Exercise: I wish that we _ with my brother when he flies to England next week. A. could go B. had gone C. will go D. are going,III. 虚拟语气
15、用在其它名词从句中 1.虚拟语气用在 suggest, demand, insist, ask, move, advise. desire, order, propose, require, recommend, request, maintain, vote 等表示建议，命令，请求的动词后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语用 should + 原形动词，但美国英语中常要省去 should 。 E.g. I suggest we start at once. They propose that you (should) read the rules carefully. The commander or
16、dered that the soldier fire at the enemy. He insisted that he go there on foot.,2.虚拟语气用在 It is + 形容词（或过去分词）+ that. .的主语从句中，表示要求，建议，提议，命令，请求等，英国英语中从句的谓语用“should +原形动词（或完成式）构成”，而美国英语中则要求用原形动词。该句型中常用的形容词或过去分词有：advisable, desirable, essential, important, better, keen, natural, necessary, probable, possible, strange, vital, desired, demanded, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等。 E.g. It is necessary that the ma
