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1、2020/9/7,.,1,Lesson Fourteen,Commercial Law,2020/9/7,.,2,Background,Commercial Law ： All the law which applies to the rights, relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade and sales. In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commerc
2、ial Code, which has been almost universally adopted by the states. (,2020/9/7,.,3,Commercial law State law The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws 统一各州法律全国代表大会,2020/9/7,.,4,A set of statutes governing the conduct of business, sales, warranties, negotiable instruments, loans se
3、cured by personal property and other commercial matters, which has been adopted with minor variations by all states except Louisiana.(,The Uniform Commercial Code 统一商法典,2020/9/7,.,5,General Provisions 总 则 Sales the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it wi
4、thin this power. 最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的权力范围之内。,2020/9/7,.,20,The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the “current of commerce” theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.,2020/9/7,.,21,The Court has finall
5、y returned to,Marshalls definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one. 最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务活动是州际商务活动。,John Marshall (1755 - 1835),2020/9/7,.,22,The justices will defer to the legislative choices in this area and uphold laws if there is a rational b
6、asis upon which Congress could find a relation between its regulation and commerce. 如果国会有根据，能够找出其法规与商业之间的关系，那么法官将遵从立法机关的选择，并支持该法律。,2020/9/7,.,23,Modern Commerce Power Tests现代商务权力检验标准 The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine现代授权原则 Motive 动机,2020/9/7,.,24,Modern Commerce Power Tests,1.国会能够就允许州际旅游和航运制定法
7、律、条件和限制，； 2.国会可以规制任何与商业有紧密或实质联系的行为，； 3.如果 “必须且合适”，国会可以规制对商业本无影响的单一州的活动。,2020/9/7,.,25,The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine,“Delegation” to States or the Executive Branch 向州政府或行政部门的授权 Congress may pass laws that allow states to independently regulate interstate commerce 国会可以通过法律允许州独立规制州际商务。,2020/9
8、/7,.,26,Such laws involve a federal adoption of varying structures for commerce rather than any unconstitutional delegation of the commerce power to the states. 这些法律涉及联邦采用各种贸易结构，而没有任何违反宪法地将商务权力授予各州的行为。,2020/9/7,.,27,The political process in modern times,Has resulted in federal control of wide variet
9、y of intrastate and multistate commercial matters; it has become impossible for the Congress to define with precision the scope and meaning of its commercial statutes. 现代政治进程使得联邦控制了广泛的州内和州际事务，国会已无法准确定义商务法规的内涵和外延。,2020/9/7,.,28,The past half century has witnessed,Increased congressional use of federa
10、l executive agencies to administer federal statutes and to promulgate regulations which effectuate legislative policies. 半个世纪以来，国会越来越多地运用联邦行政机构，由它们管理联邦法律、颁布履行立法政策的行政法规。,2020/9/7,.,29,The Congress may delegate both rulemaking and administrative functions to the executive branch or agencies it establi
11、shes. 国会可以授权它所建立的行政部门或机构制定行政法规和进行行政管理。,2020/9/7,.,30,The Supreme Court will allow Congress to share its legislative power with the executive branch by delegating aspects of that power to executive agencies. 最高法院允许国会通过授权行政机构将立法权分配给行政部门。,2020/9/7,.,31,Such legislative delegations will be upheld unless
12、 Congress abdicates one of its powers to the executive agency or fails to give legislative definition of the scope of the agencys power. 这种立法性授权将得到最高法院的支持，除非国会将某项权力放弃给行政机关，或者没有就该行政机关的权力范围给出立法性界定。,2020/9/7,.,32,If Congress were to grant a private group the power to control its competitors,如果国会想授予一个私人
13、集团控制其竞争者的权力， There might be a procedural problem regarding whether the persons regulated were deprived of due process by being subject to the will of entities with interests contrary to theirs. 就会出现程序问题，涉及到那些被规制的人是否因为必须服从于与其利益对立的实体的意志而被剥夺了正当程序（权利）。,2020/9/7,.,33,Motive,If Congress is regulating an a
14、ctivity that may be deemed to come under the three-part test for the commerce power, the motive of the Congress in passing the regulation is irrelevant. 如果国会管制的行为被认为是符合商务权力的三个标准，那么国会制定该法规的动机是无关紧要的。,2020/9/7,.,34,Motive,Congress may exercise its commerce power for clearly noncommercial reasons. 国会可以出
15、于非商业理由行使其商务权力。,2020/9/7,.,35,If,There is a rational basis for finding a sufficient relationship between the regulation and commerce , the act is within the commerce power. 如果有根据发现法规与商务活动之间存在足够联系，那么该法规就在商务权力范围之内。,2020/9/7,.,36,Part Three,The legal profession, under the leadership of the American Law
16、Institute, has suggested comprehensive codes of laws to be adopted by the states. 法律界人士在美国法学会的领导下，建议各州采纳综合的法典。,2020/9/7,.,37,Uniform Commercial Code,统一各州法律全国代表大会,美国法学会,2020/9/7,.,38,In 1942, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) was designed as a joint project between the American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners. It took ten years for the appointed editorial board and drafting committees to produce an official text.,2020/9/7,.,39,All fifty states and the District of Co
