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1、Project Management if the offeree need only promise to perform, the contract is bilateral. A unilateral contract is a promise for an act; if the offeree can accept only by complete performance, the contract is unilateral. A unilateral contracts offer becomes irrevocable once substantial performance
2、has been completed.,双边与单边合同,每一个合同至少涉及到两个合同方: 提供方和接受方 。提供方承诺做或者不做某个（些）事情。采用单边合同还是双边合同取决于接受方为了接受必须做什么 双边合同是对一个承诺的承诺；如果接受方只需要承诺履行，合同则为双边合同。 单边合同是对一个行为的承诺；如果接受方只有通过完全履行才能接受，合同则为单边合同。在单边合同中，一旦关键部分已经履行， 提供则不能召回。,Expressed vs. Implied Contracts,An express contract is one in which the terms are expressed in
3、 words, oral or written, A contract that is implied from the conduct of the parties is an iniplied-in-fact contract, or simply an implied contract. The parties conduct reveals that they intended to form a contract and creates and defines its terms. To establish an implied-in-fact contract: (1) the p
4、laintiff must have furnished some service or property; (2) the plaintiff must have expected to be paid and the defendant knew or should have known that payment was expected; and (3) the defendant had a chance to reject the service or property and did not.,明确的与隐含的合同,一个明确的合同中，条款以语言的形式（口头或书面）明确表述，隐含于合同
5、方的履行准则之外的合同是一种隐含于事实的合同， 或简称为隐含合同。合同方履行准则不但表明合同各方有意达成合同，而且创建并定义合同条款。 建立一个隐含于事实的合同：(1) 原告必须已经完成一些服务或产品； (2)原告必须已经期望得到支付，被告已经知道或应该已经知道原告期望得到支付； (3) 被告已经有机会拒绝服务或产品但是没有拒绝。,Formal vs. Informal Contracts,Formal contracts require a special form or method of formation to be enforceable. Formal contracts incl
6、ude contracts under seal, which are writings with a special sea attached. All other contracts are informal contracts, or simple contracts. For these, no special form is required (except for certain types; of contracts that must be in writing).,正式与非正式合同,正式合同需要一种特殊的合同形式或形成合同的方法以使合同生效。正式合同包括有印章的合同，即付有特
7、殊印章的书面文字。 所有其他合同都是非正式合同或简单合同。对于这些合同，不需要特殊的合同形式(除了一些必须以书面形式存在的合同）。,Executed vs. Executory Contracts,Contracts are also classified according to their stage of performance. A contract that has been performed is an executed contract. A contract that has riot been performed is an executory contract. If o
8、ne party has fully performed but the other has not, the contract is said to be executed on the one side and executory on the other, and it is classified as executory.,已执行 与待执行 合同,合同也可以按照它们履行的阶段来分类。已经执行的合同称为已执行合同。还未执行的合同称为待执行合同。 如果合同一方已经履行而另一方还未履行，可以说该合同一方已经执行另一方还未执行，该合同归类为待执行.,VALID, VOID, VOIDABLE,
9、 AND UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS,A valid contract results when all of the elements necessary to contract formation exist-when th parties agree, through an offer and an acceptance, to form a contract; the contract is supported by consideration; the contract is for a legal purpose; and the parties had leg
10、al capacity to contract, A contract that is void is no contract. A void contract gives rise to no legal obligation on the part d any party. An illegal contract is, for example, a void contract, A voidable contract is a valid contract in which one or both of the parties has the option of avoiding his
11、 or her legal obligation. If the contract is avoided, both parties are released. If it is ratified, both parties must perform An unenforceable contract is a valid contract that cannot be enforced due to certain defenses. For example, a valid contract barred by a statute of limitations is an unenforc
12、eable contract.,有效的，无效的，可转为无效的和不能生效的合同,当所有形成合同的必要因素已经存在时当所有合同方通过提供和接受达成一致同意签定合同；合同具有报酬的支持；合同具有合法的目的；合同各方具有签定合同的法律能力一个有效的合同即可形成。 一个无效的合同不能称为合同。一个无效的合同对合同任何一方都无法律义务的约束。例如，一个非法的合同即是一个无效的合同。 一个可转为无效的合同是一个有效的合同，在合同中，合同一方或双方可以选择避免他或她的法律义务。如果合同转为无效，合同双方均不再受合同条款的约束。如果合同获得批准，合同双方均应履行合同。 一个不能生效的合同是一个有效的合同，由于某
13、些原因该合同不能生效。例如，一个受某些因素限制的有效合同即是一个不能生效的合同。,Excuses for non-performance of a Contract,Misrepresentation (false statement or assertion of fact) Innocent - didnt know they were lying Fraudulant - knowingly Duress - induced by means of intimidation (coercion) Undue Influence - one party to a contract domi
14、nates the free will of the other party.,不履行合同的原因,错误的描述（对事实的不真实陈述或声称） 无错不知道对方在欺骗 有错知道对方在欺骗 强迫由于受到威胁、恐吓等。 不适当的影响合同一方的意愿受到另一方的控制。.,Mistakes,Often happens with submission of bids Rectification of a “common mistake” (secretarial or recording in nature) Unilateral Mistake - made by 1 party example.,错误,经常在
15、投递投标书时发生。 批准 普通错误（打印或记录错误） 单边错误合同一方所犯的错误 示例.,Unilateral Mistake,Suppose you are bidding on a construction contract and make an incorrect transfer from a summary sheet such that your bid (submitted under seal for 60 days) is $70,000 lower than you intended. After 30 days, you discover your mistake an
16、d attempt to withdraw the bid. The client understands that you made a mistake but after 50 days accepts your bid. Should you be required to honor the bid?,单边错误,假设您在投标一个建筑合同，但是您依据总结单做了一个不正确的转述 ，以至于您的投标（已经投递并付有印章60天有效）比您原先所期望的低了$70,000 。 30天后，您发现了自己的错误并试图撤回投标。客户明白您犯了错误但是50天后接受了您的投标。 您是否必须履行您的投标?,Contract Interpretation Principles,THE PLAIN MEANING RULE (ALSO KNOWN AS PAROL EVIDENCE RULE) - When a contract is in writing that is not subject to conflicting meanings, a court will enforce the writi
