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1、Unit Three: Determiners and Pronouns Issues of this unit: 1) Comparison of some determiner usage 部分限定词的用法比较 2) Articles of English 英语冠词 3) Pronoun Issues 代词的若干问题,限定词就是对名词、名词短语起限定作用的词,例如,特指、数量等。其中,对中国学生而言,最难的是冠词,而最易被忽视的是可数名词和不可数名词前的不确定数量限定词。 1、限定词的分类见你们的教科书。 教材上列举了哪些限定词可以与单数、复数或不可数名词搭配使用。其基本原则其实就是“语法
2、一致”和“语义一致”。掌握了这个“为什么”,就不必死记硬背那些条目了。,2、限定词的位置: 若有两个以上的限定词,我们需要按前、中、后来顺序排列。其原则是什么呢?书上没讲 For your memo: 1) 几个修饰词在名词前的排列,越是接近本质的修饰词,越靠近中心名词, 如:a tall beautiful young Mexican girl; 限定词也类似, 如:all his lecture; some such books ,2) 一般,数量上越是具体的限定词,越靠近 被限定的名词:all my seven children; 3) 冠词之所以叫“冠”词,它一般在前面,但是:当它遇到
3、下面这些限定词时,“冠军”地位就丢失了: 如:all, both, such等,一般在最前面。 all the kids, such a joke 这样你就不用去背哪些在前了,但注意: 若同时有物主限定词(my, his, your)或名词属格(mothers)和定冠词或指示限定词(this, that )时,不能直接按上述原则排列。如,不能说:the my book, or Toms this book;而应当说:the (this) book of mine (Toms)。即: 冠词(限定词)中心词of名(代)词属格 试译: 1)你的那个看法是片面的、因而是错误的。,1)That opin
4、ion of yours is one-sided and therefore mistaken.,2)学校当局那种强硬态度是我们不能接受的。,2)The hard-line attitude of the school authoritys is unacceptable to us.,此外,such一词有些特殊,它位在不定冠词前,却在其他限定词后,并且不跟定冠词联用(为什么?)如: such a book, all such books, one such book, any such books,3、不确定数量限定词的问题:中国学生易犯的错误是: a) 不区分可数与不可数名词的限定; b
5、) 不区分肯定与否定、问句; c) 其他细节。 a) 如:many / much; a, quite a few / a, quite a little b) 如:some, any; (Cf. somebody, anybody, something, anything),a)例1:我们可以从网上搜索到许多有用的信息。,a)例1:By searching on the Internet, we can obtain much useful information.,例2:不要随地吐痰,口痰(sputum)中携带着许多致病细菌。,a)例2:Dont spit on the ground, be
6、cause sputum contains many bacteria that cause diseases.,b)例句: 生活中,总有一些人和事让我们感动。,In our life, there are always some people and things that move us.,中国古人用石灰(lime)混和进一些煮熟的糯米(glutinous rice)来做建筑材料。,In ancient China, people mixed lime with some cooked glutinous rice for use in construction.,老师给你们透露了些考试信
7、息吗?,Does your teacher have disclosed to you any information about the exam?,没有些准备,是完不成谈判任务的。,It is impossible to succeed in negotiation, without any preparations.,c) 在两个之间:both, either, neither; 而在三个以上:all, every, none, no one (其中no one只能指人); every强调整体,each强调个体; any 可用于肯定句,但意义与every不一样,前者指“任一”,后者指“每
8、一”。,Lets exercise some: 海峡两岸都是中国,尽管可有各自的表述。(),There is only one China across both sides of the Taiwan Strait, though each side may have a separate interpretation.,世界上有很多不同的文化,每种文化都有各自的特色。,There are different cultures in the world, each having its own features / characteristics.,关于两者: 都不错。 都不行。随便哪个都行
9、。 关于三者及三者以上: 都不错。 都不行。随便哪个都行。,关于两者: Both are OK. Neither (of them) is OKEither (one) is OK. 关于三者及三者以上: All are good (Every one is good) / None (of them) is good. / Any one is good.,关于any在肯定陈述句中的用法: 在想象的世界中,一切皆有可能。,In the world of imagination, anything goes.,比较every、any在肯定陈述句中的用法: 一切人都有权追求幸福生活。 一切权威都
10、可质疑。,Every individual has the right to pursue his/her own happiness. Any authority is subject to questions.,“All”也可以视句意而定,用在否定句中。例如: 你可以在某些时间里欺骗所有的人,也可以在所有的时间里欺骗某些人,但你决不可能在所有的时间里欺骗所有的人。 Abraham Lincoln,You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you cant fo
11、ol all the people all the time. Abraham Lincoln,2)冠词的问题 虽然冠词是比较麻烦的问题,但基本原则就是:不定冠词不特指,定冠词特指。 A) 指类: Which one is more reasonable: (1) Galileo invented the telescope. (2) Galileo invented a telescope. (3) Galileo invented telescopes. B) 特指:You must bring with you ( a, the ) drivers license, when you d
12、rive. Did you see a (the) man in the house? a) No, I saw no one. b) No, I didnt see him.,B) Anaphoric, cataphoric, contextual references 其实,前照应特指可以理解为一种语境特指,因为双方都知道所谈的对象是哪一个,只不过在语境特指中,我们不需要把后置修饰语说出来。 (记住基本原则!) C) Articles before nouns 专有名词已是特指,不须再加冠词,例如: 华盛顿特区、大洋洲、古代中国、苏必利尔湖、双流机场、好又多、海德公园、一环路、肯尼迪航天中
13、心、情人节、感恩节、春节。 English phrasing:,C) Articles before nouns 专有名词已是特指,不须再加冠词,例如: 华盛顿特区、大洋洲、古代中国、苏必利尔湖、双流机场、好又多、海德公园、一环路、肯尼迪航天中心、情人节、感恩节、春节。 Washington D.C.; Oceania; ancient China; Lake Superior; Shuangliu International Airport; Trust Mart; Hyde Park; Yihuanlu Road (First Round-city Road); Kennedy Space
14、 Center; Valentines Day; Thanksgiving Day; Spring Festival (Lunar New Year). 例外项:,a. Rockfeller the oil baron (石油大王洛克菲勒) Cao Yu the playwright (剧作家曹禺) (为什么这种情况要加定冠词?) b. 有些专名前:the prince of Wales, the Hague the Vatican, the young Lu Xun c. Oceans, some lakes, rivers, mountains, islands 一般加定冠词(The Ya
15、ngtze, the Hymalayas) 例外:San Francisco Bay, Mount Chomolangma, Mount Fuji; Mount Ermei),d. 公共设施、组织机构一般要加定冠词;但比 较: Washington State University / University of Washington Sichuan University / the Chengdu University of Science and Technology e. 报刊杂志一般带定冠词;例外:China Daily, Science, Journal of Language an
16、d Linguistics, Time,Sorry to tell you that except the rules that you can apply, you have to notice and remember specific names of things and people. 关于普通名词前冠词使用的补充: a. 乐器名称前用定冠词,球类、棋牌前不用冠词 to play the piano; to play Chinese chess b. 官衔、职称等前面一般不加定冠词 c. 季节、时间名称若非特指,不用冠词 d. by+交通工具、疾病名称前不用冠词 (什么道理?) e. 注意一些细节问题:,例如:有些名词前是否加冠词,可决定含义: go to school (bed, church) go to the school (bed, church) in the court in court at the table at table going out to sea going out to the sea