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1、2020教师资格证初中英语语言知识与能力之语用学分析【高频考点】1. Conversational implicature会话含义It means the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speakers knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative prin
2、ciple.2. The cooperative principle合作原则(1) Violation of maxim of quantity违反数量原则 Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.E.g. War is war. War is cruel. 战争就是战争。(战争很残酷)(2)Violation of
3、 maxim of quality违反质量原则 Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.E.g. Paul is made of iron. Paul has some properties similar to those of iron.违反质量准则，因为很显然没有人是由钢铁做成的。但人们也能知道其会话含义。(3) Violation of maxim of relation违反关系原则Make your contributions relev
4、ant.E.g. A: How do you like my painting?B: I dont have an eye for beauty, Im afraid. I dont like it at all这组对话中，很显然B没有直接回答A的问题，违反了关系准则，然而A也能立刻推知B不喜欢A的画。(4) Violation of maxim of manner违反方式原则 Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly.E.g. A: Sh
5、all we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.在这组对话中，B故意违反了方式准则，为的是故意不让孩子们听懂他们在说什么。【每日一练】1. What maxim is flouted in such extreme example of tautologies as “Boys are boys”, and “Lies are lies”?A. The maxim of quantity B. The maxim of qualityC. The maxim of relevance D. The maxim of manner2. When any of the maxims under the Cooperative Principle is flouted on purpose, _ might arise.A. ambiguous structure B. contradictory propositionC. mutual understanding D. conversational implicature【答案】AD。
