《句法学 四大板块课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《句法学 四大板块课件（50页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、,Syntax,By ： 陈晨 陈浩 梁小平 谢妍 王琪,1.Structuralist approach,Definition Syntactic relation syntagmatic and paradigmatic construction and constituent IC analysis/ endocentric and exocentric /coordination and subordination,2.Traditional syntax,lexical categories grammatical categories functional categories p
2、hrasal categories,3.Chomsky and Halliday,Transformational-Generative Grammar(转换生成语法） Systemic-Functional Grammar (系统功能语法）,1.1 Definition of Syntax,Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelatio
3、nships between elements in sentence structures. 句法研究的是语言中不同成分组合句子的支配规则，或者句子结构中各要素间的相互关系。,1.2 Syntactic Relations,Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds, namely, positional relations (位置关系), relations of substitutability (可替换关系), and the relations of co-occurrence (同现关系).,1.2.1 Position
4、al Relation For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. E.g., The boy kicked the ball. Two methods to convey the information in a language are through positional relation (or word order) and a
5、ffixation.,Positional relation, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. The sequential arrangement of words can either be well-formed or ill-formed (ungrammatical or nonsensical). a) The boy kicked the ball. b) Boy the ball kicked the c) The ball kicked the boy.,S
6、ometimes two sentences which have the same words in number and form and are both grammatically well-formed have opposite meanings: a) The teacher saw the students. b) The students saw the teacher. This positional relation is a manifestation of “Syntagmatic Relation” proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure
7、.,Saussure proposed that a linguist must try to find the value of a sign from its relations to others, or rather, its position in the system. Thus, the two types of relations are: 1) Syntagmatic relations (structure) the relationship that linguistic units (eg. words, clauses) have with other units b
8、ecause they may occur together in a sequence.,2) Paradigmatic relations (system) the relationship holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in s structure, that is, a word may be said to have paradigmatic relations with words that could be substituted for it in the s
9、entence. For example:,I gave Tracy the book. syntagmatic passed handed paradigmatic threw This positional relation is also called horizontal relation or chain relation.,1.2.2 Relation of Substitutability Firstly, it refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sen
10、tences with the same structure. Secondly, it refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.,This is what Saussure called “associative relation”, or in Hjemslevs term, “paradigmatic relation”. It is also called vertical r
11、elation or choice relation.,1.2.3 Relation of Co-occurrence This relation means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.,1.3Construction and constituent,1.3.1 Construction C
12、onstruction/construct refers to the overall process of internal organisation of a grammatical unit-how a phrase, a clause, or a sentence is constructed out of a set of morphemes by following a set of rules.,In linguistics, a distinction is sometimes made between classes of linguistic items (eg Phone
13、mes, Words, Utterances) and actual occurrences in speech or writing of examples of such classes.,The class of linguistic units is called a type and examples or individual members of the class are called tokens. 在语言学中，有时把语言项目的种类，如音位、词、话语和这些种类出现在口语和文字中的实例加以区分。语言单位的种类叫类型(type)，种类的实例或个别成分叫标记(tokens)。 Fo
14、r example, “hello, hi, good morning” are three different tokens of the type “Greeting”.,Example: Type: Subject + Predicate Type: Noun Phrase + Verb Phrase Tokens: The + girl + is + giggling.,1.3.2 IC analysis (直接成分分析法）,There is a hierarchical relation between all the possible word groups in a senten
15、ce. And a sentence is made up of two-part constructions on a series of levels or layers. The big word groups contain some smaller ones and the smaller ones may in turn contain some still smaller ones. We usually stop at single words. The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents, and par
16、t of the bigger word groups are called its immediate constituents.,在句子中所有可能出现的词组之间存在着层次关系且句子总是由两大部分组成,各分为一系列层次.大词组包括小词组, 小词组还包括更小的词组, 通常细分到单词就可以了.句子中的词组叫做句子成分.把某一个成分看作更大词组的一部分叫直接成分.,Immediate Constituents Analysis is the technique of breaking up sentences into word groups by making binary cuttings until the level of a single word is reached. The single words results from an IC analysis are called the ultimate constituents. 直接成分是一种把句子切分为词组的方法, 其做法是对句子做连续的二元切分
