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1、法律英语典型句型的翻译,第四周,1. 引言,改革开放以后，尤其是中国加入世贸组织后，法律翻译成为热点。 一方面是为了让世界了解中国的法律制度和具体法律法规，需要将大量的中国的法律文本译成外文。 另一方面，为了学习借鉴国外的先进法制建设成果，需要将大量的国外的法律法规法学著作等译成外文。,然而，由于法律文本意思艰深晦涩、用词古板守旧、句型复杂冗长等特点，使得法律翻译的难度大大高于其他类型的翻译实践。 法律文本用词用语有僵化的倾向，某些句型重复使用的频率非常高；而且，法律翻译的一个重要原则就是保持术语和句型结构在译文中的同一性。因此，如果能掌握此类典型句型的翻译，可以大大提高翻译翻译工作的效率。
2、本讲撷取法律文本中的高频句型并就其典型译法进行讨论。,2. 法律英语典型句型的翻译2.1 OTHERWISE,Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法： 跟unless引导的句子（让步状语从句）连用； 置放在连词or之后使用； 与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。,例 1 In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, state means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, C
3、ap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本条例中除文意另有所指外, “国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。,例 2 A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. 根据第（1）款发出的通知书除其中另有订定外亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入一如适用于该项财产本身。,例3 Any person wh
4、o by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence. 任何人籍恐吓怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证即属犯罪。,例4 If 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them and
5、an award may be obtained and execution issued against any person so served notwithstanding that any other persons jointly liable may not have been served or been a party or may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board. 如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其它身分而属同一宗申索的被告人法律程序文件可送达予其中任何一人而判定该收件人败诉的裁定可由申索人获得执行程序亦可向该受件人进行即
6、使任何其它共同有责的人可能未获得送达法律程序文件或不属当事人或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内均无例外。,例 5 No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise than - (a) by marriage as provided by section 13; or (b) by another will executed in accordance with section 5; or (c) by a written revocation executed in the manner in which the will was ex
7、ecuted; or (d) by the burning, tearing or otherwise destroying of it by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction, with the intention of revoking it. 除籍以下方式外任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分均不得撤销- (a)根据第13条的规定籍缔结婚姻而撤销或 (b)籍按照第5条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销或 (c)籍依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销或 (d)由立遗嘱人或由其它人在立遗嘱人面前并依其指示将遗嘱
8、烧毁撕毁或以其它方法毁灭而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。,2.2 SUBJECT TO,该短语在法律英文中一般都跟 “agreement”, “section”, “contract”等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。 通常可翻译成“以为条件”、“根据规定”、“ 在符合的情况下”、“除另有规定外”以及“在不抵触下”等。,例 6 Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules mad
9、e under subsection (5). 在符合本条的规定下,上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出,并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。,例7 Subject to subsection (3), the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule. 除第（3）款另有规定外仲裁处具备查讯聆讯及裁决附表内指明的申索的司法管辖权。,2.3 WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO,这个英文法律短语的功能相当于普通英文中的“wit
10、hout affecting”。与上一节“subject to.”的句法结构相同，跟在“without prejudice to”这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度，没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“符合”或“依照”有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。在汉语中，其意思相当于“在不损害的原则下”、“在不影响的情况下”、“ 不受影响”、“ 不妨碍”、以及“不规限”等等。,例 8 Without prejudice to section 24, the following shall be treated as properly exec
11、uted . 在不影响第24条规定的原则下以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立,例 9 Without prejudice to the rights of the Attorney General every complainant or informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and to have the witnesses examined and cross-examined by him or by counsel on his behalf. 在不损害律政司权利的原则
12、下每名申诉人或告发人可进行其申诉或告发并亲自或由代表律师讯问及盘问证人。,2.4 WHERE,在普通英文中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句。但在法律英文中，where引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于“in the case where”。在香港，其最典型的译法是“凡.” or “如.”。 例如：,例 10 Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched. 凡被告人被判处罚款但没有随即缴付
13、罚款裁判官可命令搜查被告人。,例 11 Where a claimant has a claim which exceeds the monetary amount mentioned in the Schedule and which, but for the excess, would be within the jurisdiction of the Board, the claimant may abandon the excess, and thereupon the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and de
14、termine the claim. 如只因申索人的申索超逾附表所述的款额以致该申索超逾仲裁处的司法管辖权范围则申索人可放弃追讨超额的款项而在此情况下仲裁处有查讯聆讯及裁决该宗申索的司法管辖权。,2.5 ANY PERSON WHO DOES. SHALL .,在法律条例中，尤其是在各地的刑法条例中(或类似性质的条例)，“any person who does shall be guilty of an offence”这种句型重复率相当高，因为法律的主要功能是界定何种行为属于违法以及应受到怎样的处罚，而这个句型是其中一个最简明、直接的表达方式。在句法上，这个句型通常会把主语和谓语用逗号分开，
15、中间加插一个定语修饰词。 以下是典型的例句及其若干变种：,例 12 Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, while having dealings of any kind with any other public body, offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body, shall be guilty of an offence. 任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时无合法权限或合理辩解而向受雇于该公共
16、机构的公职人员提供任何利益即属犯罪。,例 13 A person shall not, by reason only of his being an executor of a will, be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will, or a witness to prove the validity or invalidity thereof. 任何人不会仅因为身为遗嘱执行人而没有资格获接受为见证人以证明遗嘱的签立或证明该遗嘱具备或不具备效力。,例 14 At the hearing of a complaint or information, a party may be represented by counsel; and an absent party so represented shall be deemed not to be abse
