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1、第三章 供应链管理的驱动要素和测度,第三章.供应链管理的要素和障碍,第一节.供应链性能的决定因素 第二节.存货（Inventory） 第三节.运输 (Transportation) 第四节.设施（facilities） 第五节.信息（Information） 第六节. 资源（Sourcing） 第七节. 价格（Pricing）,第一节.供应链性能的决定因素,一.为什么要研究供应链的要素 从目标看： 实现企业的竞争战略 从因果关系看: 通过控制几大要素来控制供应链的响应能力与效率,Drivers of Supply Chain Performance,Facilities places wher
2、e inventory is stored, assembled, or fabricated(制造) production sites and storage sites Inventory raw materials, WIP, finished goods within a supply chain inventory policies Transportation moving inventory from point to point in a supply chain combinations of transportation modes and routes,Drivers o
3、f Supply Chain Performance,Information data and analysis regarding inventory, transportation, facilities throughout the supply chain potentially the biggest driver of supply chain performance Sourcing functions a firm performs and functions that are outsourced Pricing Price associated with goods and
4、 services provided by a firm to the supply chain,二.供应链决策框架 控制单独一个要素难以兼顾效率和响应能力，同时控制六大要素，用一个要素的优势来弥补其他要素的弱势，最后总体上使供应链效率和响应能力都提高。 就象踢足球，如果你各方面都强，你可以是C罗，如果你某方面不强，但靠其他几方面来弥补，你仍然可以是梅西。 我们在供应链管理中研究的所有决策问题其实就是针对这几个要素的决策问题。是供应链管理研究的具体化。,第三章.供应链管理的要素和障碍,第一节.供应链绩效的要素 第二节.存货（Inventory） 第三节.运输 (Transportation)
5、第四节.设施（facilities） 第五节.信息（Information） 第六节. 资源（Sourcing） 第七节. 价格（Pricing）,第二节.存货（Inventory）,一.定义 Inventory is all raw materials , work in process ,and finished goods within a supply chain. 是指供应链中流动的物品，不是指仓储设施，不要混淆概念。,二.存货决策的框架,Inventory exists because of a mismatch between supply and demand Mismatch
6、 is intentional（故意的） at a retailer store where inventory is held in anticipation of future demand The role that inventory play in the supply chain is To increase the amount of demand that can be satisfied by having the product ready and available when customer wants it. To reduce cost by exploiting
7、economies of scale that may exist during production and distribution. Major source of cost and influence on responsiveness (例如：服装供应链),Inventory: Role in the Supply Chain,Inventory: Role in Competitive Strategy,If responsiveness is a strategic competitive priority, a firm can locate larger amounts of
8、 inventory closer to customers If cost is more important, inventory can be reduced to make the firm more efficient Trade-off Implicit in the inventory driver is between the responsiveness that results from more inventory and the efficiency that results from less inventory. Example Nordstrom,Componen
9、ts of Inventory Decisions,Cycle inventory Average amount of inventory used to satisfy demand between shipments Depends on lot size Safety inventory inventory held in case demand exceeds expectations costs of carrying too much inventory versus cost of losing sales Seasonal inventory inventory built u
10、p to counter predictable variability in demand cost of carrying additional inventory versus cost of flexible production Overall trade-off: Responsiveness versus efficiency more inventory: greater responsiveness but greater cost less inventory: lower cost but lower responsiveness,Inventory-related me
11、trics Cash-to-cash cycle time（应收账款，应付账款） Average inventory Inventory turns（周转次数） Products with more than a specified number of days of inventory（滞销） Average replenishment batch size Average safety inventory Seasonal inventory Fill rate Fraction of time out of stock Obsolete inventory（沉没成本）,Component
12、s of Inventory Decisions,Littles law衡量存货流动速度的公式 (1)物流时间T(Material flow time) 从物料进入供应链时起，其存在于供应链内部的全部时间。 (2)传送率R(Throughput) 单位时间内的产品销量。 I=RT 存货量的大小等于物流时间和传送率的乘积。,第三章.供应链管理的要素和障碍,第一节.供应链绩效的要素 第二节.存货（Inventory） 第三节.运输 (Transportation) 第四节.设施（facilities） 第五节.信息（Information） 第六节. 资源（Sourcing） 第七节. 价格（Pr
13、icing）,第三节.运输 (Transportation),一.定义 把供应链中的存货从一点移动到另外一点的活动。,二.运输决策的框架,Transportation: Role in the Supply Chain,Moves the product between stages in the supply chain Impact on responsiveness and efficiency Faster transportation allows greater responsiveness but lower efficiency Also affects inventory a
14、nd facility locations.,Transportation: Role in the Competitive Strategy,If responsiveness is a strategic competitive priority, then faster transportation modes can provide greater responsiveness to customers who are willing to pay for it Can also use slower transportation modes for customers whose p
15、riority is price (cost) Can also consider both inventory and transportation to find the right balance Example: Blue Nile（钻石商，中心存储，和FEDEX战略联盟）,Components of Transportation Decisions,Design of transportation network network: collection of transportation mode, locations and routes Mode of transportatio
16、n: air, truck, rail, ship, pipeline, electronic transportation vary in cost, speed, size of shipment, flexibility Route selection route: path along which a product is shipped Overall trade-off: Responsiveness versus efficiency,Components of Transportation Decisions,Transportation-related metrics Average inbound transportation cost Average income shipment size Average inbound transportation cost per shipment Average outbound transportation cost
