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1、G-1 G L O S S A R Y Absolute confi guration(Section 7.5): The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or groups at a stereogenic center. Acetal(Section 17.8): Product of the reaction of an aldehyde or a ketone with two moles of an alcohol according to the equation Acetoacetic ester synthesis(Section
2、21.6): Asynthetic method for the preparation of ketones in which alkylation of the enolate of ethyl acetoacetate is the key carbon carbon bond-forming step. Acetyl coenzyme A(Section 26.1): Athiol ester abbreviated as that acts as the source of acetyl groups in biosynthetic processes involving aceta
3、te. Acetylene(Sections 1.18 and 9.1): The simplest alkyne, HCPCH. Achiral(Section 7.1): Opposite of chiral. An achiral object is superimposable on its mirror image. Acid (Section 4.6): According to the Arrhenius defi nition, a substance that ionizes in water to produce protons. Accord- ing to the Br
4、nsted Lowry defi nition, a substance that do- nates a proton to some other substance. According to the Lewis defi nition, an electron-pair acceptor. Acid anhydride(Sections 2.3 and 20.1): Compound of the type Both R groups are usually the same, although they need not always be. Acid dissociation con
5、stant Ka(Section 4.6): Equilibrium con- stant for dissociation of an acid: Ka? H?A? HA RCOCR O X O X CH3CSCoA O X CH3CCH2COCH2CH3 O X O X 2R?OH?H2O?RCR? O X RCR? W W OR? OR? H? Activating substituent(Sections 12.10 and 12.12): A group that when present in place of a hydrogen causes a particular reac
6、tion to occur faster. Term is most often applied to substituents that increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Active site(Section 27.20): The region of an enzyme at which the substrate is bound. Acylation(Section 12.7 and Chapter 20): Reaction in which an acyl group becomes attache
7、d to some structural unit in a molecule. Examples include the Friedel Crafts acylation and the conversion of amines to amides. Acyl chloride(Sections 2.3 and 20.1): Compound of the type R may be alkyl or aryl. Acyl group(Sections 12.7 and 20.1): The group R may be alkyl or aryl. Acylium ion(Section
8、12.7): The cation . Acyl transfer(Section 20.3): A nucleophilic acyl substitution. A reaction in which one type of carboxylic acid derivative is converted to another. Addition(Section 6.1): Reaction in which a reagent XY adds to a multiple bond so that X becomes attached to one of the carbons of the
9、 multiple bond and Y to the other. 1,2 Addition(Section 10.10): Addition of reagents of the type XY to conjugated dienes in which X and Y add to adja- cent doubly bonded carbons: 1,4 Addition(Section 10.10): Addition of reagents of the type XYto conjugated dienes in which X and Yadd to the ter- mini
10、 of the diene system: Additionelimination mechanism(Section 23.6): Two-stage mechanism for nucleophilic aromatic substitution. In the R2CCHCHCR2R2CCHCHCR2 W X W Y XY R2CCHCHCR2R2CCHCHCR2 W X W Y XY RCPO ? RC O X RCCl O X BackForwardMain MenuTOCStudy Guide TOCStudent OLCMHHE Website GLOSSARYG-2 Alkal
11、oid(Section 22.5): Amine that occurs naturally in plants. The name derives from the fact that such compounds are weak bases. Alkane(Section 2.1): Hydrocarbon in which all the bonds are single bonds. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n?2. Alkene(Section 2.1): Hydrocarbon that contains a carbon car
12、- bon double bond (CC); also known by the older name olefi n. Alkoxide ion(Section 5.14): Conjugate base of an alcohol; a species of the type . Alkylamine(Section 22.1): Amine in which the organic groups attached to nitrogen are alkyl groups. Alkylation(Section 9.6): Reaction in which an alkyl group
13、 is attached to some structural unit in a molecule. Alkyl group(Section 2.10): Structural unit related to an alkane by replacing one of the hydrogens by a potential point of at- tachment to some other atom or group. The general symbol for an alkyl group is R. Alkyl halide(Section 4.1): Compound of t
14、he type RX, in which X is a halogen substituent (F, Cl, Br, I). Alkyloxonium ion(Section 4.6): Positive ion of the type ROH2?. Alkyne(Section 2.1): Hydrocarbon that contains a carbon car- bon triple bond. Allene(Section 10.5): The compound CH2CCH2. Allyl cation(Section 10.2): The carbocation CH2CHCH
15、2? The carbocation is stabilized by delocalization of the ? electrons of the double bond, and the positive charge is shared by the two CH2groups. Substituted analogs of allyl cation are called allylic carbocations. Allyl group(Sections 5.1, 10.1): The group CH2CHCH2 Allylic rearrangement(Section 10.
16、2): Functional group trans- formation in which double-bond migration has converted one allylic structural unit to another, as in: Amide(Sections 2.3 and 20.1): Compound of the type Amine(Chapter 22): Molecule in which a nitrogen-containing group of the type NH2, NHR, or NR2is attached to an alkyl or aryl group. ?-Amino acid(Section 27.1): A carboxylic acid that contains an amino group at the ?-carbon atom. ?-Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and proteins. An ?-amino acid normal
