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1、LETTERS Enteric Coronavirus in Ferrets, the Netherlands To the Editor: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that can cause acute and chronic respiratory, enteric, and central nervous system disease in a variety of animal species (1). Recently, a novel ferre
2、t enteric CoV (FRECV) was indentifi ed in domesticated ferrets (Mustela putorius) in which epizootic catarrhal enteritis had been diagnosed; the illness was characterized by foul- smelling green diarrhea with high mucus content, lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting (2). Another ferret CoV emerged in fer
3、rets for which systemic pyogranulomatous infl ammation, resembling the clinical and pathologic features of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), was diagnosed (35). In 2010, we investigated the prevalence of CoV antibodies in 85 asymptomatic ferrets obtained from 1 ferret farm in the Netherlands. Pre
4、vious studies have shown that antibodies against different members of the -CoVs show broad cross- reactivity (6). We used FIP virus (FIPV)infected cells to screen for CoV antibodies in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay. Because 32% of the ferret serum had a titer 20 in this assay, we concluded that
5、 these animals most likely had been exposed to a CoV. To test for a CoV in these animals, we analyzed RNA extracted from rectal swabs with a degenerate set of primers to amplify a conserved region within open reading frame (ORF) 1 of CoVs (7). Remarkably, 36 (42%) of samples tested were PCR positive
6、, suggesting excretion of a CoV by a substantial proportion of ferrets tested. To corroborate that the CoV detected in the rectal swabs was a ferret CoV (FRCoV), we amplifi ed and sequenced the nucleocapsid protein by using primer pair 5- TCCC CGCGGGGCTGGCAACGGACAA CGTGT-3 and 5-CCCAAGCTTTTA GTTGACT
7、AATAATTTCA-3. Phylogenetic analyses of 2 of the sequences obtained indicated a variant nucleocapsid that was similar to other FRCoVs described previously but that did not group with 1 of these sequences directly (Figure). Amino acid alignment of 1 of these sequences (FRCoV-511c) with FRECV-MSU2 demo
8、nstrated 91.8% identity and 95.7% similarity, whereas this virus shows 89.3% identity and 95.2% similarity to ferret systemic CoV (FRSCV-MSU1). On the basis of obtained and published nucleocapsid sequences (2,4), we developed a TaqMan reverse transcription PCR to detect viral RNA using the following
9、 primers and degenerate probe: forward,5-TTGGAAAGAATG GTGCTAAAACTG-3; reverse, 5-CA TTAGGCACGTTACCATCAAATT -3; and probe, 5-TAGGAACRCGT GGCACCAACCAA-3. Using this more specifi c and sensitive assay, we detected viral RNA in 63% of the rectal swabs tested; other CoVs including FIPV, severe acute resp
10、iratory syndromeCoV, and human CoV NL- 63, were not amplifi ed by this assay (data not shown). All samples that had tested positive in the ORF1-CoV PCR were confi rmed positive with this TaqMan assay. To analyze FRCoV in ferrets from geographically distinct sites, we tested fecal samples from 90 ani
11、mals without signs of disease (including epizootic catarrhal enteritis) from 39 different locations in the Netherlands. FRCoV nucleocapsid TaqMan and ORF1-CoV PCR demonstrated that 61% of the fecal samples and 72% of the locations were positive. Multiple testing of fecal swabs at different times and
12、 use of FRCoV-specifi c antibody assays would probably further increase the FRCoV prevalence rate. Further partial sequence analysis of the spike gene by using primers 5-AARRTTAATGAGTGTGTGMG DTCA-3 and 5- CAACTCTYTTAA GCCARTCAAGG-3 clearly showed that these viruses are more closely related to system
13、ic FRCoVs than to FRECV (Figure). Amino acid alignment of 1 of these sequences (FRCoV-511c) with FRECV-MSU2 demonstrated 78% identity and 89% similarity, and FRCoV-511c shows 86% identity and 92% similarity to FRSCV-MSU1. After identifi cation of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV in humans in 20
14、03 and related viruses in civet cats and bats, an increase in CoV surveillance in different animal species resulted in identifi cation and characterization of a broad range of previously unrecognized CoVs (8). Here we report an enteric FRCoV circulating in the Netherlands in a high percentage of asy
15、mptomatic ferrets. The ferrets tested did not have a previous record of foul- smelling green diarrhea described previously to be associated with FRECV, a virus detected in the United States and further characterized in 2006 (2). On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis of the spike sequences, FRECV
16、-MSU2 might have evolved through recombination with some other unknown CoV. Alternatively, the viruses isolated in the Netherlands grouped more closely with FRCoVs causing systemic disease (e.g., FRSCV-MSU1). Thus far, no evidence indicates that the animals testing positive for the enteric CoV showed clinical disease that pointed to pyogranulomatous infl ammation, necrosis with or without perivasculitis, and vasculitis in abdominal and visceral organs associated with the syste
