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1、1、organisational and types of organisation1、Definationoforganisationanditscharacteristics概念social arrangement社会安排 collective goals ,controls共同目标控制 boundary有边界2、thereasonsfortheexistenceofanorganisation优势A、overcoming limitations of individual or groups克服局限性B、synergy（1+12）协同效应C、specialisation专业化分工D、ti
2、me saving节省时间E、knowledgeandexperience accumulating and sharing知识、经验快速积累分享F、pooling ofexpertise经验池、专家池3、differenttypesoforganisation组织种类3.1profit-orientated vs non-profit-orientated营利非营利3.1.1 profit-orientatedA、profitmaximize 利润最大化B、outputofgoodsandservices 输出有形商品和无形劳务3.1.2non-profit-orientatedA、char
3、itycause慈善、provisionofbenefit福利供应、community社区、religiousgathering宗教、commoninterest兴趣爱好B、minimizecostsorconcernof 3Es（economic经济、efficient效率、effective效果）3.2 private sector vs public sector私企国有3.2.1privatesector（commercialbusinessorbusinessorganisation）A、soletraderandpartnership个体经营者、合伙制企业norestriction
4、ininvestment 投资无限制 、beresponsibleforallthedebts承担所有债务B、limitedcompanies有限责任公司theownershipandcontrolarelegallyseparated经营权所有权分离shareholder股东separatelegalpersonality独立法人资格limitedliability有限债务责任privatelimitedcompany未上市公司publiclimitedcompany（listedcompany） 上市公司 未上市公司和上市公司区别：privatelid.publiclid.numberof
5、shareholderslessmoretransferability（流通性）hardeasydirectors （董事）asshareholders可以合二为一两权一定分离sourceofcapital（资本来源）来源少来源多3.2.2publicsectorrun by central or local government of government agenciesetc.public schools and education institutionsthe public health system and hospitalsthe central banklocal author
6、ities地方职能机构the army,navy,and the air forcethe national social and security organisation3.3 non-governmental organisations(NGOs)非政府组织independent voluntary association独立自愿集合 actingtogetherforsomecommonpurpose为了共同目标 at promoting social，political，orenvironmentalchangeforthegoodof对公众有利3Es “valueformoney”3.4 co-operatives/co-operative societies合作社互助协会jointlyowned共同拥有 democratically controled民主管理（一人一票，少数服从多数）controled bymembers meettheneedsofthemember-owners拓展：theprimeinterestoftheshareholdersoftheorganisationisprofitsharing股东基本兴趣在于利润最大化charitabletrust慈善信托
