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1、The sentence fragment片断句,一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分。从结构上来说，它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位。片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以及其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位。写作时若错误地使用标点符号，将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来，那便叫做片断句。,Common Mistakes 句子沒有主语。 Entertained 1000 people with an outdoor concert every July. She entertained 1000 people with an outdoor concert every
2、July. 句子沒有动词。 The bill that they have discussed for a long time The bill that they have discussed for a long time were passed this afternoon. All of the officials with jobs there. All of the officials with jobs there were worried about it.,The runon sentence不间断句,该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句，而将两个或两个以上（结构上各自独立
3、完整而又互不从属的）句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、结构松散的句子称不间断句。 如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子，这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句。,不间断句 Getting married is easy staying married is a different matter.Getting married is easy. Staying married is a different matter. Getting married is easy, but staying married is a different matter. Although getting
4、married is easy, staying married is a different matter. Ask the first person you see if they will help you I am sure they will.Ask the first person you see if they will help you; I am sure they will.,注： 两种较难形式 Jack has won the Booker Prize with her first novel he is an Indian author living in Great
5、Britain. Jack, who is an Indian author living in Great Britain, has won the Booker Prize with her first novel. Winning the Booker Prize with her first novel, Jack is an Indian author living in Great Britain.,误用逗号连接句,(A) 改用句号分成两个句子。 I completed my essay, I have not submitted(交) it.I completed my essa
6、y. I have not submitted it. (B) 改用分号分成两个句子。 It rained heavily in the afternoon, we managed to have our picnic anyway.It rained heavily in the afternoon; we managed to have our picnic anyway. (C) 使用适当的连接词 I like you, you are kind to me. I like you, for you are kind to me.,连接词： For，And，Nor，But，Or，Yet，
7、So 注意: 两个句子只用逗号连接，然后再逗号之后再加上连接副词 (conjunctive adverb)例如 however, furthermore, moreover, therefore等这样的句子还是错误的。,I completed my essay, however I have not submitted it. I completed my essay. However, I have not submitted it. I completed my essay; however, I have not submitted it. They lost the battle, n
8、evertheless they were determined to continue the war. They lost the battle. Nevertheless, they will continue the war. They lost the battle; nevertheless, they will continue the war.,The dangling modifier垂悬修饰语,由非谓语动词(分词、动名词、不定式)组成的短语若使用不当，与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系，这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语。垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误，只是修辞上的毛病，但仍应避免使用这样的
9、结构，尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语。,To do well in college, good grades are necessary. To do well in college, a student needs good grades. Having finished the homework, the TV was turned on. Having finished the homework, Jill turned on the TV. After reading the book, the article remains unconvincing. After
10、 reading the book, I find the article unconvincing.,The illogical or faulty parallelism误用平行句法,误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容。这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病。 A.关联连词(bothand，eitheror等)只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分。 B.不能将which或who引导的从句用and 与主句相联。,1.Parallelism 主要指句子构句时要注意对称。在列举事物当例子时，如果第一个是名词，第二个以后的例子也最好是名词，如果第一个例子时不定词短语，第二个以后的例子也最好是
11、不定式短语。 My English class is made up of Chinese, Japanese, and some are from Korea.My English class is made up of Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. He promises to reform health care, preserve social security, and a balanced budget.He promises to reform health care, preserve social security, and balance
12、the budget.,2. Parallelism在对等连接词以及 both.and, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also., rather than等correlative expressions，first, second, third等列举以及比较级用法 more than, more.than, better than等时最常使用。 It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.The ceremony was both long and tedious. The schools in the
13、 suburbs are better than the inner city.The schools in the suburbs are better than the schools in the inner city.,Which 与and类型,3. who引导的从句是从属性质，与and连接的成分性质不同。 He is humorous and who is also handsome. He is humorous and handsome. Many people enjoy singing, because it is funny and which is also helpfu
14、l in reducing pressure. Many people enjoy singing, because it is funny and helps to reduce pressure.,The shift in point of view非必要性角度转换,不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的。若非必须如此， 一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态； 人称及单复数也不应随便转换； 主语和时态等也不应随便转换 ,Having studied the results, they report what they found. Having studied the results, they
15、 reported what they found. One does well when we are given role models. One does well when one is given role models.We do well when we are given role models.,Split infinitive,Split infinitive指的是在一个不定式中插入状语或者其他成分。 She did all this to eagerly impress her boss. She did all this eagerly to impress her b
16、oss.,不一致,数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。 When one have money, he can do what he want to. Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do). Drinking make people happy. Drinking makes people happy. Although he worked for 12 hours everyday, he is not able to pay the money. Although he works for 12 hours everyday, he is not able to pay the money.,词性误用,词性误用常表现为：介词当动词用，形容词当副词用，名词当动词用等。 None can negative the importance of money. None can deny the importance of money I want to
