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1、2020/8/8,1,高中英语语法,句子成分 和 基本句型,2020/8/8,2,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？ ！,I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is !,2020/8/8,3,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbia
2、l) 和补语（complement）。 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,句子包括哪些成分？,2020/8/8,5,主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由1名词，2代词，3不定式，4动名词5从句充当它的位置一般在句首,The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends.,主语：,2020/8/8,6,谓语：,谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由1简单动词2或者动词短语构成,They a
3、re teachers. She looks well. He studies hard. He laughed at his classmates. He can speak English.,2020/8/8,7,表语：,表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由1名词，2形容词，3副词，4介词短语，5不定式，6动名词，7短语，8或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面,I am a teacher. She is happy. Everybody is here. They are at home now. My job is to teach English. Seeing is believing.,
4、2020/8/8,8,系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。,2020/8/8,9,一、系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out（结果是、证明是）等。 Youll be all right soon. You dont look very well. I feel rather cold.,2020/8/8,10,第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become， get，
5、grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad.,2020/8/8,11,第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。 Keep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains to be proved.,2020/8/8,12,
6、宾语,宾语是动作，行为的对象，由1名词，2代词，3短语，4不定式，5动名词，6从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后,She plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV. She likes to go to shop this afternoon. I think that he is good guy.,2020/8/8,13,宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） They helped the
7、 old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.,2020/8/8,14,宾语补足语,在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它
8、起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当,. Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called.,2020/8/8,15,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,
9、定 语 Poor John tottered(蹒跚） toward a hospital nearby She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations（插图） Have you seen the book on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports.,2020/8/8,16,定语,定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词
10、短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语,The black bike is mine. Whats your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool.,2020/8/8,17,状语,状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由1副词，2介词短语，3不定式4或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由
11、5从句来充当,He did it carefully. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen.,2020/8/8,18,John often came to chat with me John likes oranges very much Whenever he gets drunk，John mak
12、es Mary very angry Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this school ten years ago. Youd better stay here.,状 语,2020/8/8,19,主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。,如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.
13、2. So they had to travel by air or boat. 3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus. 4. She sat there alone, reading a novel. 5. He came back when we were eating. 6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.,2020/8/8,20,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc
14、.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be / feel / seem / look appear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing /
15、 V-ed clause etc.,2020/8/8,21,句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,2020/8
16、/8,22,(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟） I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast,2020/
