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1、四级写作专题 语言要求及训练,Part I,四级写作得高分的三个基本要求:,1. 内容切题,包括提纲的全部要点 作文考试要求考生根据所提供的写作提纲完成一篇短文,因此,评分标准的第一项即要求文章切题,并包括提纲的全部要点。 2. 表达清楚,文字连贯 文章要做到表达清楚,文字连贯,就必须根据提纲确立不同的主题句并使整个段落凝聚在一起,流利地表现段落所要表达的思想。为了使文章清楚,连贯(coherence),我们可以用一些关联词(transitional words and phrases),引导读者的思维从一个句子过渡到另一个句子。 3. 基本上无重大语言错误,仅仅有个别小错误,三个要求中,有两
2、个是和语言有密切关系的:表达清楚,文字连贯;基本上没有重大语言错误 因此,有必要对四级英语写作语言方面加以分析和训练从选词,到组句,再到成段逐一分析,Part II 如何选词、组句?,I. 选词:CET- 4作文中的“亮点”,成为作文得高分之必须 A. 选词的要求 准确贴切如: 1)客人们在共进晚餐后都放松下来,也随便多了 After a good dinner together, all the guests relaxed and became quite familiar (careless ).,用词准确贴切,主要是选用同义词,近义词的问题.因此要想准确贴切,就必须很好地辨析它们. 英
3、文中同义词非常丰富.通过有效地互换同义词来取代上文中出现过的词,使文章的语言丰富多彩,避免重复和单调. 如: 2)With the publication of the novel, he became famous as the greatest writer living then, and he has been more and more famous ever since. He is also becoming more and more famous with Chinese readers. - 用同义词互换改为:,With the publication of the nov
4、el, he became famous as the greatest writer living then and his reputation as a major American author has been on the increase ever since. He is now also becoming more and more popular with Chinese readers. 该句中选用了词性不同但意义接近的词词组来表达同样的意思,显得语言生动而丰富,2.明白易懂如: 即:选用的词含义必须确定(语体:正式,一般,口语;词义:原义,引申义); 避免生造词语; 避
5、免滥用方言俚语等如: wanna, gonna, cause等最好避免在说明文及议论文中使用 3) After the outbreak of SARS, some people are determined to engage themselves in regular sports activities so that they can stay healthy (sound 一般用于口语中,“健康健全的没有任何病的”).,4)To be an all-round student (三好学生)(a three good student ) is always a symbol of ach
6、ievement for Chinese students 5)In big cities, the migrant workers (农民工) (farmer-workers ) are becoming the main labor force. 6)Work hard and make progress every day. (好好学习天天向上) (Good good study, day day up. ),3. 形象生动 活用词义:选用含义比较形象具体的词来代替含义比较抽象的词如: ) He is kind and honest. (比 He is a good man.更具体) )
7、 No one witnessed (比saw更具体) the bank being broken into. ) No one could survive (比live更形象) in the modern world without money.,活用词义还可以通过选用那些能引出联想和比喻意义的词把抽象的事物说得形象生动如: 10) Teenage smoking soars. (increases) 11) Einsteins wealth of new ideas peaked while he was still a young man of 26. 12) His father br
8、ought him a device that did stir his intellect. 13) This mirrors enormous changes in the U.S. 14) You have to fight through a boiling sea of bicycles. 你不得不在如流的车海中艰难行进,活用词性:在一篇作文中,有的概念是文章的重点,往往需要多次出现为了避免单调重复,写作者可以活用词性,利用不同的词性来表达相同的概念,使文章丰富多彩如: 15) Instead of blindly following them, we should observe
9、them carefully and analyze them critically. Through the careful observation and critical analysis, we may identify the conceptions that will actually contribute to the social development. It is only those contributive conceptions that we shall follow. - 不同词性强调了同样的概念,既保持了句子间的连贯,又改变了句式,增添了语言的丰富性,学生在选词
10、方面存在的主要问题 词义不达 词义方面的问题(对单词本身的意义理解不透); 词性分辨不清(混误用词性;同一个词在词性不同时,词义也可能不同如:like, effect等); 固定搭配(如:at first, at last等的误用); 不了解某些词适用的文体(formal, common, informal)等,浮夸华丽 有些学生喜欢用大而空的词建议:六级以外的词最好不要用在四级作文中 遗词漏字 不仅破坏句子的完整性,且也影响意思的完整表达如:(括号中为易漏掉的词) 16) The living standard in coastal areas is three times as high
11、as (that) in the inner areas. 17) Only when we protect our environment well, can we have a better world to live (in).,赘词 许多学生在英语写作中受汉语的干扰,或因对英语表达不熟悉,往往会使用多余词汇如: 18) I will return back as soon as possible. 19) I refuse to present at his wedding ceremony because of the fact that he is a liar.,C. 写作练习中
12、应注意的选词方面的问题 . 词汇的有效积累 词汇积累是选词的基础没有较大的词汇量,是不可能选出恰当的词的 注意词的原义和引申义 注意书面体和口语体的区别 一般来说,词可分为正式的(formal words),一般的(common words)和口语的(informal words)种在英语作文中,常见的是formal words和 common words的结合,词汇衔接(word chain)的几种手段: 词汇衔接是指文章中出现的一部分词汇相互之间存在语义上的联系,或重复,或有其它词汇替代,或共同出现词汇衔接的手段主要有:重复,泛指词和搭配,重复:词汇衔接中最直接的手段是反复出现同一词汇,从
13、而使话题的焦点集中如: 20) Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. We are all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychologica
14、l well-being that can make the difference between a full and empty life.,泛指词:在实际写作中,过度使用重复会给人一种词汇贫乏,表达单一的感觉此时,除了使用人称代词和指示代词外,还可使用泛指词(general words)英语中有people, person, thing, place, truth, fact 等 词的组合搭配:指的是那些倾向于在同一语境中出现具有衔接语篇能力的词群如: depositor(储户), account, money, bank etc.; experiment, research, proj
15、ect etc.; ship, sail, anchor, sea, seagull etc. 其实,词的组合搭配也是考察学生对同一主题下词汇的联想能力训练这一能力对听力和阅读理解都有很大帮助,II. 组句: 英文句子的基本要求: 开头大写,句末应有句号(.)/ 问号(?)/ 感叹号(!). 英文中,不可以用逗号 或副词 或介词短语连接两个完整的句子. A. 英语的基本句型: 1. 简单句:只包括一个主语和一个谓语的句子. (根据句子的作用又可分为: 陈述句,疑问句,感叹句和祈使句.); 2. 复杂句 - 并列句,复合句,并列复合句 (常用于说明文和议论文中),B. 组句的要求 1. 合乎语法
16、规范 - 如: 1) 句子的完整性:即一个句子必须有主语,谓语和必要的辅助成分,如宾语,定语,状语,补语等在正式文体中,短语和从句均不能代替句子 主句 , (+ 从句; + 并列句; 主语 + 谓语 + (宾语) + with 结构; + 独立主格结构; + doing; + done etc.),以一汉译英句为例: (随着人类对环境越来越多的负面影响),other species become extinct at least 1000 times faster than at any time in the past. a) With more and more people negatively impacting on the environment (with结构) b) More and more people negatively impacting on the environment(