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1、初三首轮复习句法,复合句 宾语从句,复合句,概念 复合句也称主从句，即主句和从句，从句须有引导词或叫连词引出，否则复合句不成立。由于连词既起连接主句和从句的作用，表明主从句之间的关系，还在从句中充当一定的成份，有一定的意义，故复合句中的连词常成为考查的焦点。,初中阶段复合句 1.宾语从句 2.状语从句 3.定语从句,宾语从句,在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾 语，如： I know the man. 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如： I know that the man is a policeman. ,主句,从句,引导词,中考对宾语从句的考查主要集中 在以下几个方面： 1. 引
2、导宾语从句的连词和代词选择； 2. 宾语从句的语序； 3. 宾语从句的时态。,一. 宾语从句的种类,1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如： He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. She doesnt know (that) she is seriously ill. I am sure (that) he will succeed.,2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接
3、代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如： Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I dont know why the train is late.,3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如： I want to know if (whether) he lives there. He asked me whether
4、 (if) I could help him.,注意一下情况只用whether，不用if。,whether引导的从句常可以与连词or或or not直接连用。如： 正： Let me know whether you can come or not. 误： Let me know if you can come or not. 2. 当宾语从句提到句首时，只能用whether引导。如： 正： Whether it is true or not, I cant tell. 误： If it is true or not, I cant tell.,3. whether可以引导带to的不定式。如：
5、正： I dont know whether to accept or refuse. 误： I dont know if to accept or refuse. 4. whether及其引导的成分可放于介词之后，作介词的宾语。如： 正： I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 误： I worry about if I hurt her feelings.,二. 宾语从句的语序,宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如： I hear (that) physics isnt easy. I think (that) you will like th
6、is school soon. Can you tell me how I can get to zoo? Please tell me when well have the meeting.,三. 宾语从句的时态,1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。如： I dont think (that) you are right. Please tell us where he is. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?,2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，
7、 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如： He asked what time it was. He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet. He asked if you had written to Peter. He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.,3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如： Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year. Scientists h
8、ave proved that the earth turns around the sun.,如何改为宾语从句,A.三关 1. 引导词关 陈述句，引导词用that（that在口 语或非正式文体中常省略）； 一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether； 特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来 的疑问代词/副词。,2. 语序关 陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如： He is an honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：
9、 Does he work hard？I wonder. I wonder if/whether he works hard. When did he leave？I dont know. I dont know when he left.,注意：有些疑问句本身就是陈述语序 1.Who went there yesterday? Mary wanted to know. Mary wanted to know who went there yesterday. 2.Whats the matter with the clock? He wondered. He wondered what wa
10、s the matter with the clock.,3. 时态关 如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如： I have heard（that）he will come back next week. 如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如： He said（that）there were no classes yesterday. 注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不 管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如： He said that light travels much faster than sound.,B.人称的变
11、化和标点的使用 1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如： “May I use your knife？”He asked me. He asked me if he might use my knife. “Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. He asked me if I knew her telephone number.,2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如： Who will give us a
12、 talk？I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk. Do you know？Where does he live？Do you know where he lives？,其他问题,A)if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下。如： If it rains tomorrow，I wont come. （时间状语从句） I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）,if表示“如果，要是”,if表示“是否”,B)从句的简化 1. 当主句谓语动词是find
13、，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如： She found that the wallet lay on the ground. She found the wallet lie on the ground. She found that the wallet was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lying on the ground.,2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从
14、句可简化为不定式结构。如： She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths.,3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词不定式”结构。如： Can you tell me how I can get to the station？ Can you tell me how to get to the station？,中考范例,1. (2004年北京市中考试题) Miss Green didnt tell u
15、s _ in 2002. A. where does she live B. Where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived 【解析】答案：D。 该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应 用陈述句的语序和时态，所以应选D。,2. (2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题) Would you please tell me _? A. when did he come home B. where he would play football C. if he had seen the film D. why he didnt watc
16、h the game 【解析】答案：D。 该题考查的是宾语从句的语序 和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时，宾语从句在这 个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。,3. (2004年哈尔滨市中考试题) I dont know when _. will the train leave B. the train will leave C. would the train leave D. the train leave 【解析】答案：B。 该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B 在语序和时态上符合要求。,4. (2004年常州市中考试题) -We dont know _. -It is said that he was born in Sweden. what he is B. if he lives here C. where he comes from D. which country is he from 【解析】答案: C。 该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题 可知：他们说的是某人是哪
