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1、Effective Persuasion in Writing and Speaking,Learning Objectives,After this session, you should be able to Distinguish between persuasive writing and other writing types such as exposition. Use a set of persuasive devices and evaluate others writing and speaking critically in light of such devices.
2、Speak and write reasonably and logically through effective persuasion. Persuasively argue about topics relevant to daily life, academic pursuit, career and other contexts. Write a persuasive poem for public-service announcements.,Modes of Writing,Persuasion / Argumentation,2,Communications may be di
3、vided into four modes (types). They are the basic writing types.,To explain or inform,To convince or persuade,To create in words a picture of a person, place, object, or feeling,To tell a story or recount an event,What is Persuasive Writing?,Definition: In a persuasive essay, you must take a positio
4、n either for or against something; You are writing to convince your reader to believe or do something; In other words, there will be a call to action in a persuasive essay.,Significance of persuasion,Men are not governed by justice, but by law or persuasion. When they refuse to be governed by law or
5、 persuasion, they have to be governed by force or fraud, or both. - Bernard Shaw,Lead-in Task 1 (1 minute) When to Persuade an Audience,Directions: Can you think of other persuasive contexts? Work in groups. Find out as many situations as you can where you need to persuade others. E.g. You persuade
6、your teacher never to give homework again. You persuade your mom to let you wear a hairstyle she doesnt like. You persuade your friend to join an association with you.,Outline of a Persuasive Essay,Introduction Body paragraphs Opposing view and counterargument Develop one paragraph to accurately exp
7、lain the most significant opposing view and then refute it, before or after presenting your supporting points. Conclusion - Creatively restate your main idea.,Persuasive Strategies in Speaking and Writing,1. Understand your Audience 2. Build common ground 3. Predict the opposing views and create a s
8、trong counterargument to refute them 4. Support your perspective with reliable sources,Understand Your Audience,Relate your audience to your topic. Appeal to their hearts as well as their minds. Use anecdotes when appropriate. Paint your topic in with plenty of details,appeal to reason,appeal to emo
9、tion,Establish common ground with your audience,E.g. Point of Opposition: You might support a war, whereas your audience might not. Common ground: Both sides want to see their troops come home.,E.g. To favor tuition increase in the university an unpopular viewpoint with the audience. As we all know,
10、 there are many differences among the people in this university. But regardless of age, major, background, or goals, we all share one thing in common we are all concerned with the quality of education in university. And that quality is clearly in danger. Because of budget reductions, faculty salarie
11、s have fallen below those at comparable universities, library hours have been cut back, and more and more students are being crowded out of classes they need to take. Whether we like it or not, we have a problem a problem that affects each of us. I would like to discuss whether this problem can be s
12、olved by an increase in tuition.,Predict opposing views,You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. Example: Your Argument: Organic produce (有机农产品) from local Farmers Markets is better than store-bought produce. The Opposition: Orga
13、nic produce is too expensive.,Create a Strong Counterargument:,Organic produce is higher in nutritional value than store-bought produce and is also free of pesticides, making it a better value. Also, store-bought produce travels thousands of miles, and the cost of gasoline affects the prices of food
14、 on supermarket shelves.,Using transitions to acknowledge opposition,Use transitional words or phrases to make concession before refuting the opposing view: Certainly / Of course / No doubt /To be sure Admittedly, Granted, although its true to say that while its fair to say while I agree that,Admitt
15、edly, it is difficult, but it isnt impossible.,Granted, its not a pleasant job, but it has to be done.,Followed by what you agree with, then what you dont agree with, or a contrasting idea),Support Your Perspective with Reliable Sources,Build credibility / Ethos (Aristotles term) Use evidence ( logo
16、s) from credible sources Esp. statistics and reputable studies - Appeal to the audiences reason Question: Which one of the following statements (imaginary) is more credible?,“Within ten years, changes in technology will make todays personal computers seem hopelessly old-fashioned.” (Bill Gates) “Personal computers are not likely to be much different in ten years than they are today.” (Zhang Yimou) “Despite changes in audience values, there will always be a market
