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1、Marine Chemistry and Biological Oceanography,海洋化學與生物海洋,Biology starts with chemistry,Biological processes the levels of elements and compounds Abundance of biota and tropic relationship chemical parameters, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient,Global water cycle,turnover time,The ocean has a turn
2、over time of about 37,000 years with respect to river inflow. This is how long it would take to fill the ocean if it were totally dry. Turnover times are defined as the mass in the reservoir divided by the input or removal rate. By comparison the average residence time of water in the atmosphere wit
3、h respect to evaporation from the oceans and continents is only about 10 days.,Scope of Chemical Oceanography: Fundamental Questions,- What are the chemical controls on biological production and food web structure of the ocean? In some ocean areas iron limits phytoplankton growth. Martin (1991) cond
4、ucted experiments where he added iron to samples and showed that adding iron stimulated growth rate and also stimulated diatom production.,Martin (1991) conducted experiments where he added iron to samples and showed that adding iron stimulated growth rate and also stimulated diatom production.,- In
5、 what ways do biological processes control the distributions of chemicals in the ocean?,Photosynthesis and respiration control the distribution of many elements in seawater.,Compositions of sea water,0.45 mm filter Passed Can not pass Humic acid, protein and amino acid, polysaccharide, pigments, ino
6、rganic colloids (iron hydroxide),salinity,Total amount of salts in water,Bioavailability,Can be utilized by cells - membrane related to dissolved materials and particulate materials Most particulate materials can not be efficiently utilized by phytoplankton and algae 理由: large size of particulate ma
7、terials can not pass through cell membrane or via the channel,Speciation and global hydrological cycle,7 days,3550 days,Global hydrological cycle,Time-dependent events,Dissolved gases,Oxygen: dissolved oxygen (DO) Surface, temperature, biological utilization and emission 2.0-10 mg/L intertidal regio
8、ns Vertical distribution: 50 m no variation Photosynthesis (+O2) Respiration (-O2),Primary productivity,CO2 cycle,CO2 (gas) CO2 (dissolved) H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- HCO3- H+ + CO32- Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 (solid) 表示法: alkalinity (A) the number of moles of hydrogen ion required to convert all ani
9、ons of weak acids to their unionized form in 1 kg of water,pH and CO2,CO2 cycle,C cycle,Nutrient,Phosphorus (P) Nitrogen (N) Co-variation of N and P Refield atomic ratio: C:N:P=106:16:1 (1934, 1963) N:P ratio 30:1 P limitation N:P ratio 10:1 N limitation Silicon,Spatial variations,Temporal variations,Organic carbon,Dissolved organic carbon DOC Particular organic carbon POC POC in photic zone is recycled by micro-organisms.,
