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1、Energy Efficiency in CaliforniaStandards and Programs美国加利福利亚州能效标准和能效项目International DSM Implementation ForumBeijing, February 26, 2009国际电力供求侧管理实施论坛北京，2009年2月26日,1,2,(2005)= 4,000kWh/yr = $165/capita (2005)= 4,000千瓦时/年 = $165/人,Electricity Use in California 加州电力使用,While US electricity has steadily gr
2、own, California has become a model of energy efficiency. 美国用电稳步增加，加州成为能源效率的典范。,kWh/person,United States美国,California加州,Per Capita Electricity Sales (not including self-generation) 人均电力销售 （不包括自行发电）,Per Capita Income in Constant 2000 $恒量2000美元个人平均所得,1975,2005,% change改变,美国 国内生产总值/人US GDP/capita,16,241
3、,31,442,94%,加州 州国民生产总值/人Cal GSP/capita,18,760,33,536,79%,千瓦时/每人,1 2% of electric bill,吉瓦小时/年,3,4,每售出一台平均能耗（千瓦时/年）,冰箱容量（升）,5,用电（千瓦小时/年）,平均容量（升）,6,0,20,40,60,80,100,120,3 Gorges 三峡,Refrigerators 冰箱,Air Conditioners 空调,TWh,2000 Stds 2000年标准,2000 Stds 2000年标准,2005 Stds 2005年标准,2005 Stds 2005年标准,If Energ
4、y Star能源之星,If Energy Star,TWH/Year,1.5,4.5,6.0,3.0,7.5,Value (billion $/year),Comparison of 3 Gorges to Refrigerator and AC Efficiency Improvements,Note: Savings calculated 10 years after standard takes effect. Calculations provided by David Fridley, LBNL,Value of TWh,3 Gorges 三峡,Refrigerators 冰箱,Ai
5、r Conditioners 空调,Wholesale (3 Gorges) at 3.6 c/kWh 大批量销售 （三峡）3.6 美分/千瓦时 Retail (AC + Ref) at 7.2 c/kWh 零售 （空调+冰箱）7.2 美分/千瓦时,三峡与电冰箱、空调能效改进对比,注：标准生效后10年节能量，计算由美国劳伦斯伯克力国家实验室 David Fridley提供,能源之星,6,太瓦时/年,价值（十亿美元/年）,The CEC is now regulating TVs加州能源委员会已经开始对电视的能耗进行管理,Sales of conventional (CRT) televisio
6、ns are rapidly declining in favor of flat screen technology (LCD) . 传统显像管电视（CRT）的销售量已经开始快速下滑，而平板电视技术（LCD）更受消费者的青睐。 TV load is now 10% of total residential electricity load and is growing 3-4% per year. 电视用电量目前占住宅用电总量的10%，而且还在以每年3-4%的比例上升。 Standards will cap or reverse growth! 能效标准却可以控制甚至扭转这个上升的趋势！,7
7、,Power Consumption by TV vs Total Residential in CA, 36 Million people电视用电量 vs 加州住宅用电总量（加州人口为3600万）,8,Proposed Standards and “Energy Star” Data提交的能效标准计划和“能源之星”数据,9,1 2% of electric bill,吉瓦小时/年,10,Types of Energy Efficiency Programs能效项目类型,Rebate Upstream (to manufacturers), Midstream, (e.g, to instal
8、lers of roofs or windows), or Retail Audit Inspection of a home or business to identify energy efficiency opportunities Direct Install Installation of energy efficiency measures at no cost to the customer Appliance Turn-In Takes inefficient appliances out of circulation with free or rebated recyclin
9、g services Education Training for the general public as well as trade allies such as builders or building operators Performance Contracting Typically nonresidential programs; provides rebate for equipment and building retrofit per unit of energy saved rather than per measure purchased or installed E
10、nergy Management Services Typically Nonresidential programs. A combination of audit services, rebates and/or direct install, as well as load management and self-generation,折扣 上游 （到制造商）, 中游（如安装屋顶或窗户），或者是零售，即用户 审查 检查住宅或公司，确定其能源效率机会 直接安装 安装能效措施，不对用户产生任何费用 电器对换 提供免费或打折的在循环服务，使低效电器停止流通 教育 对普通公众、贸易伙伴如施工人员
11、或建筑管理人员，进行培训 业绩挂钩 典型的非住宅项目；根据节约的能源量，而不是购买或安装的措施数量，对设备和建筑物翻新提供折扣 能源管理服务 典型的非住宅项目。综合了审查服务、打折和/或直接安装，以及负荷管理和自行发电,11,Temperature Rise of Various Materials in Sunlight各种物品在日照下的升温情况,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,50 40 30 20 10 0,Temperature Rise (C),Galvanized Steel 镀锌钢,IR-Refl. Black红外回流焊 黑色,Black Paint,Green
12、Asphalt Shingle,Red Clay Tile,Lt. Red Pain,Lt. Green Paint,White Asphalt Shingle,Al Roof Coat.,Optical White,White Paint,White Cement Coat.,Solar Absorbance 日照吸收率,升温（摄氏度)（C）,12,黑色油漆,白色水泥表层,白色油漆,本白,绿色沥青瓦,红色粘土瓦管,绿色油漆,红色油漆,白色沥青屋顶板（Shingle),White Roofs白色屋顶,In California and a growing number of US states
13、, white roofs are required for new buildings, and re-roofing to reduce air conditioning load and “smog”(O3). 在加州以及越来越多的美国其他州内，白色屋顶是修建新建筑和重新更换屋顶时必须使用的，从而达到降低空调用电量以及“烟尘”(臭氧O3).的作用 But a new concept is that white roofs also cool the world directly. 同时，一个新发展的理念是：白色屋顶还可以直接降低地球的温度。,13,100 m2 of a white ro
14、of, replacing a dark roof, offset the emission of 10 tons of CO2 每用100平方米的白色屋顶替代黑色屋顶，就可以抵消10吨的CO2,Akbari et al. Main Finding 主要发现,14,论文来源：Akbari, H., S. Menon, and A. Rosenfeld. 2008. “Global cooling: increasing solar reflectance of urban areas to offsetCO2,” 2008, Climatic Change.,15,Effect of Sola
15、r Reflective Roofs and Pavements in Cooling the Globe太阳能反射屋顶和路面对全球降温的作用,(Source: Akbari, Menon, Rosenfeld. Climatic Change, 2008) （来源： Akbari, Menon, Rosenfeld. Climatic Change, 2008）,White Roof will be “diluted” by cool colored roofs of lower reflectivity, and roofs that can not be changed, because
16、 they are long-lived tile, or perhaps they are already white. 白色屋顶被有更低反射率的冷彩色屋顶“冲淡”了，而且房顶一般不会改变，因为他们是长寿命的瓦片，或者他们已经是白色的了。 Compare 10 tons with a family car, which emits 4 tons/year. 可以把这10吨抵消的CO2，与一辆家庭用车比较。一辆家庭用车每年排放4吨CO2 。,*,*,*,*,16,Additional Backup Slides, not for Forum,17,Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)/Smart Meters先进的测量设备 (AMI)/智能仪表,Goal: Install “smart meters” and communicating thermostats throughout California 目标： 在全加州安装“智能仪表”和温控器 Give
