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1、Relative consumption and satisfaction,Dr. Russell James III, University of Georgia,Past,Expected,Future,Alternative,Nearby additional,Relevant Observed,Current,Multiple Alternative,Our choices and our satisfaction are driven by the comparisons we make,Behavioral Economics Concepts,Past,Expected,Futu
2、re,Alternative,Nearby additional,Relevant Observed,Current,Multiple Alternative,Hedonic Adaptation,Placebo Effect; Stereotypes,Endogenous Determination of Time Preference,Anchoring; Paradox of Choice,Loss Aversion; Endowment Effect; Status Quo Bias,Availability Effects,Relative Standing,Peer Effects
3、;,A fundamental idea of standard economics Higher income means greater consumption and therefore greater utility and satisfaction,But, some pieces of the puzzle dont seem to fit!,B. Frey (U. Zurich), A. Stutzer, 2002, What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature,
4、 40, 402-435.,Daniel Kahneman (Princeton) and Alan B. Krueger (Princeton), 2006, Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 3-24.,A. Clark, P. Frijters, and M. Shield, 2008, Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easter
5、lin Paradox and Other Puzzles, Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95144,A. Clark, P. Frijters, and M. Shield, 2008, Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles, Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95144,Why dont we see national subjectiv
6、e well-being rising with national income in developed countries?,Standard economics More money means greater consumption and therefore greater utility and satisfaction,Relative standing My level of satisfaction depends upon my relative consumption v. those in my comparison group,Some goods are more
7、“positional”,Goods where relative level is key Cars Houses Fashion Professional attire Income,Goods where absolute level is key Health Safety Relationships Vacation time,S. J. Solnick (U. Vermont) they are less depressed, and their mortality rate is lower than average”,Meier, S. (Harvard), 2006, The
8、 economics of non-selfish behavior. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, MA. p. 43,Volunteering, happiness, & causation,When people lost volunteer opportunities, subsequent happiness ratings declined, suggesting that volunteering was causing happiness (not only vice-versa).,Meier, S. (Harvard) & St
9、utzer (U. Zurich), 2008, Is Volunteering Rewarding in Itself? Economica, 75, 39-39.,In a study of charitable giving decisions made while in an fMRI machine, charitable giving was “associated with neural activation similar to that which comes from receiving money for oneself.”,Harbaugh, W. T. (Oregon
10、), Mayr, U. (NBER), & Burghart, D. R. (Oregon), 2006, Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 316, 1622-1625,Giving and Happiness,Its not just about the charity receiving money, it is about us voluntarily making the gift “neural activity as
11、 well as subjective satisfaction, is larger in the voluntary than in the mandatory situation.”,Harbaugh, W. T. (Oregon), Mayr, U. (NBER), & Burghart, D. R. (Oregon), 2006, Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 316, 1622-1625,Standard econ
12、omics More money means greater consumption and therefore greater utility and satisfaction,Relative standing My level of satisfaction depends upon my relative consumption v. those in my comparison group,If you want to work on acquiring MORE of something, focus on those who have MORE of it than you do
13、.,If you want to be satisfied with your current level of something, focus on those who have LESS of it than you do.,I am the BEST,I need to work harder,I am almost there,I,Slides by: Russell James III, J.D., Ph.D. Asst. Professor, Department of Housing & Consumer Economics, University of Georgia Please use these slides! If you think you might use anything here in a classroom, please let me know. Thanks!,
