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1、II. Outline of the essay,Part 1 (para.1-2): The oldest project in “getting the poor off our conscience” Part 2 (para. 3-9): 5 historical solutions Part 3 (para. 10-11): a transition Part 4 (para.12-20): 5 current designs Part 5: (para 21): conclusion,6. Why the author chooses such a title as this es
2、say?,Look at the following photos. Millions and millions of people are struggling for their survival, thousands and thousands of people die of hunger, cold and illness. While Millennium Development Goals are to meet the needs of the worlds poorest”, do you think the author really tries to call peopl
3、e to get the poor off their conscience?,“Plutarch was led to say” implies that it was the actual existence of the rich and poor or the logic of his analysis that made him come to such a conclusion: If the Rome republic suffered from the same problems 2,000 years ago, it proves the authors point that
4、 poverty is a perpetual (permanent) problem.,6. And the problems that arise from the continuing have been an intellectual preoccupation for centuries.: The main idea of this statement is that for centuries those with high intellect have been searching for explanations to justify the coexistence of t
5、he rich and poor.,4. Does the author really think that this is an admirable solution?,No, he doesnt. He is being ironical here. He calls it “an admirable solution” because now the rich “get the poor off their conscience”.,Para. 4: The second solution (utilitarianism),1. The Wealth of Nations by Adam
6、 Smith,It is symbolic that Adam Smiths masterpiece of economic analysis, The Wealth of Nations, was first published in 1776, the same year as the Declaration of Independence. He argued passionately in favor of free trade and the most eloquent-integrated description of the workings of a market econom
7、y, which continues to influence our economy right up to the present day.,4. “By the principle of utility” “is meant the principle which ”: The normal word order should be: utilitarianism is meant the principle which proves by the principle of utility. According to Bentham, the principle of utilitari
8、anism means that an action is judged by whether it will increase or decrease the benefits of those who are affected by the action.,5. utilitarianism is a general philosophical idea like idealism. which means the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that we
9、should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over had for everyone affected by our action.,Consequently, the greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. If they promote the greatest human welfare actions are right, if
10、they do not actions are wrong.,Para. 5: the third solution (poor peoples fault),1. This is associated with the name of David Ricardo, a stockbroker, and Thomas Robert Malthus, a divine. Stockbroker: a person whose job is buying and selling shares for those with money (investor).,A stockbroker can ea
11、sily earn big money through the commission which depends on the amount of money the investor invests, while it is very hard for the investor to earn money in the stock market, because of the high risk.,9. The poverty of the poor was the fault of the poor. And it was so because it was a product of th
12、eir fecundity: The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.,Para. 6: Malthusianism (马尔塞斯人口论),11. the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration: The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the ta
13、sk of solving the problem.,12. However, Malthus was himself not without a certain responsibility: He urged that as a fully effective method of birth control: What warning did Malthus urge that the marriage ceremony should contain? Why?,14. Couples in love should repair to R. H. Macys, not their bedr
14、oom:,It implies that couples will find their pockets not that heavy while they look around the market, which will push them to work hard for money rather than enjoy their love in their bedrooms for having too many children. This statement ridicules Reagans view that the best form of population contr
15、ol comes from the market.,Para. 7: the forth solution (Social Darwinism - survival of the fittest),Para. 9: the fifth solution (more vague denial of poverty),1. It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone: People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to
16、glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the target of criticism.,Para. (10-11):a transition,18. Why does the author call it a revolution? Because it broke away from the traditional conception that the federal government was not responsible for social welfare. The Social Security Act of 1935 laid foundation for the current social welfare system of the United States. Readers can easily sens
