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1、 被 动 语 态 的 使 用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。 2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by
2、 短语。 These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 语态转换时要注意的问题1. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday./I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A present was
3、given to me yesterday. 注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, mak
4、e, order, paint, play, sing 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. )he meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wal
5、l is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语) 2. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有： 不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物动词+ 副词：如：
6、bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. 3. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： We
7、always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 We often hear hi
8、m play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 误：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples. 4. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下： 1) W
9、e take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the book. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to,
10、 set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。 5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can answer this question. 误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody. 6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything
11、, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 7. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 误：Who was
12、 the story written? 正：By whom was the story written? 8. (主动形式表示被动)有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。 对比：
13、The books sell well. (主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句)The meat didnt cook well. (主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 误：It is felt very sof
14、t. The food tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand bu
15、rned. 误：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 误：After the earthquake, few h
