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1、The Long War Against Corruption Ben W. Heineman, Jr., and Fritz Heimann 反腐败持久战反腐败持久战 小本 W 海涅曼和弗里茨 海曼 A WAY TO GO Since the mid-1990s, the issue of corruption has gained a prominent place on the global agenda.International organizations, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop
2、ment (OECD) and the UN, have adopted conventions requiring that their members enact laws prohibiting bribery and extortion. International financial agencies, notably the World Bank, have announced programs aimed at ensuring fair and open contracting for their projects and stopping misappropriation b
3、y government officials.Most nations have enacted some type of anticorruption law. International business groups have promulgated model codes of behavior, and multinational corporations (MNCs) now claim to be implementing antibribery programs. The leading nongovernmentalorganization (NGO) in this are
4、a, Transparency International (TI), has conducted analysis and advocacy through chapters in over 90 nations. The international media report instances of corruption in high places virtually every day (often at great risk). 前进道路 自 20 世纪 90 年代中期以来， 腐败问题一直占据着全球议事日程的突出地位。 一些国际 机构，如经济合作和开发组织以及联合国，采取了协约的形式
5、，要求各成员国制定法律禁止 行贿受贿和索贿等行为。一些国际金融机构，尤其是世界银行，宣布了多个方案，旨在确保 其项目承包的公正和公开性， 杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。 大多数国家都出台了某种形式的反腐 败法。国际商业团体也颁布了行为示范法规，跨国公司如今宣称正在实施反贿赂计划。反腐 倡廉方面的非政府机构的带头人“透明国际”也通过其分布在 90 多个国家的分支机构开展了 分析和倡导活动。国际媒体事实上是每天（常常冒着极大的风险）报道高层人物腐败堕落的 事例. Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growin
6、g recognition that bribery and extortion have demonstrably deleterious consequences. Gone is the day when some pundits seriously argued that corruption was an efficient corrective for overregulated economies or that it should be tolerated as an inevitable byproduct of intractable forces. The true im
7、pact of corruption is now widely acknowledged: corruption distorts markets and competition, breeds cynicism among citizens, undermines the rule of law, damages government legitimacy, and corrodes the integrity of the private sector. It is also a major barrier to international development systemic mi
8、sappropriation by kleptocratic governments harms the poor. 之所以出现了这些新的规章、 反腐誓言和觉悟的提高， 其根本原因就在于人们越来越清 晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。 曾几何时一些博学之士一本 正经地说：腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为，或者说，腐败作为不可驾驭 的力量的一种副产品， 它是不可避免的， 我们应该包容它。 如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。 现在腐败带来的真正危害已经广为人知：腐败扰乱市场、破坏竞争、滋长市民的冷嘲热讽、 削弱法治的威力、损害政府的合法性，还会侵蚀私营市场的诚信度。腐
9、败还是阻止国际发展 的极大阻碍，因为贪赃舞弊的政府自上而下的侵吞挪用坑害了穷人. Although it is difficult to quantify global corruption, there is little question that huge problems exist. For example, the World Bank estimated in 2004 that public officials worldwide receive more than $1 trillion in bribes each year (and that figure does no
10、t include embezzlement). A 2005 survey by the Russian think tank Indem found that more than $300 billion in bribes is paid in Russia annually (a ten-fold increase since the last survey, in 2001) and that more than half of all Russians have at some point been asked for a payoff. According to the 2005
11、 Volcker report (a report on the UNs former oil-for-food program by an independent committee headed by the economist Paul Volcker), more than 2,000 companies participating in the oil-for-food program almost half of the total may have been involved in kickback schemes. And the drumbeat of scandals co
12、ntinues, with events in China, Indonesia, Kenya, Russia, and the United States leading the news during the past year. 虽然很难量化全球腐败的程度，但存在巨大弊端却是毋庸置疑的。例如，2004 年世界 银行估计全世界的政府公务员每年收受贿金在一万亿美元以上（而且这个数字还不包括贪 污） 。 俄国智囊团 Indem 在 2005 年所做的一次调查发现： 每年在俄国支付的贿金超过 3 000 亿美元（比上次 2001 年调查到的数字增加了 10 倍） ，而且有不止一半的俄国人曾经被索
13、要 过贿赂。根据 2005 年度的沃尔克报告（由经济学家保罗 沃尔克担纲的一个独立委员会对联 合国之前实行的石油换食品计划所做的调查报告） ，参与石油换食品计划的 2 000 多家公司 几乎有一半可能有吃回扣的行为。频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏，一直没有消停。过去一年，中 国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首 Given vast, continuing problems, the anticorruption movement will maintain its credibility and momentum only if it can translate its rhetori
14、c into action and prevent and punish misbehavior in a more focused and systematic manner. In the near term, the implementation of anticorruption measures must come in important part from international organizations, developed nations, and MNCs. Developing nations also have a critical role to play. B
15、ut their legal, political, and economic systems vary greatly they are failed or failing, fragile or rising and so anti-corruption initiatives in the developing world will have to be a part of, and dependent on, each countrys broad, complex, and often lengthy state-building process. 考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷，
16、 只有当我们以更加集中化和系统化的方式把反腐 誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时，反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲的势头。在近期 内，唱重头戏的国际组织、发达国家以及跨国公司必须实施反腐措施。发展中国家也有重要 角色需要扮演，但由于这些国家的法律、政治和经济体系差异很大 它们要么不成功，要 么眼看就要失败； 要么不堪一击， 要么正在兴起 因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是 各国广泛、 复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分， 而且取决于这个国家建设的过 程。 POLYMORPHOUSLY CORRUPT Corruption takes many forms. It has a supply side (private bribers) and a demand side (public officials). There is grand corruption, involving high-level officials with discretionary authority over government policy, and petty corrup
