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1、Inside the living cell: structure and function of internal cell parts,English for Biology Students,Lesson One,4,中心体,叶绿体,液泡,细胞壁,高等动、植物细胞亚显微结构图,生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。,细胞的大部分物质由半流体物质组成，并且是由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。,细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。,细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。,8,细胞核结构示意图,nuclear membrane,nucleolus,chrom
2、atin,nuclear pore,nucleus,eukaryote: jukrut n.真核生物 eukaryotic: ju:keri:tk adj. 真核状态的 prokaryote: prukrt n. 原核生物 adj. 原核的 hereditary: hredtri adj. 遗传(性)的 chromosome: krumsum n.生物染色体 perforate: p:freit vt. 穿孔于，打眼洞于；刺贯 穿于；打一排孔于(邮票等)以便于撕开 sac: sk n.（动植物组织中的）囊，液囊,nucleus: nju:kls n. 细胞核 nucleoid: nju:kld
3、 n.生类核,拟核 nucleolus: nju:kli:ls n. 核仁 nucleoli: nucleolus 的复数 nuclear envelope: nju:kli envlup 核被膜，核包膜,The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.),The nucleus also contai
4、ns one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division.,A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm.,小分子可以自由通过核膜，而像mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。,ribosome rab()sm: 核糖体 lysosome lassm: 溶酶体 endoplasmic reticulum: 内质网 Golgi complex
5、: 高尔基体 vacuole vkjl: 液泡 mitochondria ,matkndr: 线粒体 plastid plstd: 质体,3. Organelles: Specialized Work Units细胞器：特化的功能单元,carbohydrates k:bhadrets：碳水化合物phagocytosis ,fg()satss：吞噬作用 pinocytosis ,panstoss：吞饮，胞饮,All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle perfor
6、ms a specialized function in the cell. 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器在细胞里都有其特定功能。,Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells. 本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。,The number of ri
7、bosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. 细胞里的核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千. This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. 这个数量反应了这个事实: 核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质（细胞活动所需要的） 的重要场所。 A complete ribo
8、some is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. 完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成(50s+30s70s/60s+40s80s) 。,During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. 在蛋白质合成的过程中，核糖体的两个亚基沿着mRNA移动，并阅读遗传密码（编码于其中的遗传
9、信息），翻译成蛋白质。 Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. 多个核糖体可能附着于一条mRNA链上，这个结合体称为多聚核糖体。,Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 大多数细胞蛋白是在细胞质的核糖体上合成。 Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made
10、in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. 分泌蛋白（输出蛋白）和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。,The endoplamic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). 内质网，带有花边的膜囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。 Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. 两种类型的
11、内质网都在蛋白质的合成和运输中发挥作用。 两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。,The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. 糙面内质网上分布多聚核糖体，也可能是细胞分裂后核被膜的来源。 SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroid and in the oxidation of toxic substance in t
12、he cell. 光面内质网上缺乏核糖体，主要作用是在脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化过程中起作用。,stud: v.布满颗粒,打上装饰钉,镶嵌 steroid: n.生化类固醇,Both types of endoplamic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell. 两种类型的内质网如同细胞内的一个车间，将特殊的
13、产物分离，然后分选到细胞内外的特殊区域。（两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。）,shunt: v.逃避， 调开,Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. 转运小泡能够将分泌蛋白从内质网运输到高尔基体上。（运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。）,Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified a
14、nd packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm. 分子在高尔基体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其它场所。（在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。）,Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. 细胞中的液泡看起来象是中空的囊，但实际上是充满了液体和可溶分子。 The most promin
15、ent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. 最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水分，糖以及其它分子。,Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking). 动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。 A subset of vacuoles
16、 is the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. 溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。 They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts. 该细胞器可以消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。,Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. 线粒体是细胞中化学产能反应的场所。 In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufactur
