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1、油层物理学 Physical Properties of Petroleum Reservoir,石油工程学院油藏工程系： 李爱芬,2010年9月,李爱芬，山东安丘人；85年毕业于华东石油大学采油专业； 教授，博士，博士生导师。 主要研究领域： 油气渗流机理（低渗、缝洞），提高原油采收率机理，油气井出砂及防砂，储层敏感性评价，油藏流体及岩石物性研究。 教学讲授课程： 本科生：油层物理(汉语、双语、实验)； 研究生：渗流物理，气藏工程(双语)，油藏工程(Reservoir Engineering1)等。,个人简介,石油深埋在地下岩石孔隙中:,前 言,石油是一种不可再生的资源。油田开发的好坏，很大
2、程度上取决于对油藏的认识程度。,1949年，美国M.Musket出版“采油物理原理” 把以前关于油藏岩石、流体物性方面的概念与研究成果系统化和理论化，使岩石、流体物性与各类油藏紧密结合起来。 1956年，苏联.卡佳霍夫撰著“油层物理基础” 该书是“油层物理”从采油工程中单独分科的起点，随后得到了广泛而深入的发展。 60年代末，石油大学洪世铎在卡佳霍夫课本的基础上，首次在国内编著中文版“油层物理基础”。从此油层物理在国内成为一门独立的学科。,“油层物理”起源：,最早研究内容与油藏工程混在一起。,Reservoir having bottom water and gas- cap,油藏类型：,Re
3、servoir with pinchout boundary (岩性尖灭油藏）,油藏物理,石油地质、有机化学、化学原理,渗流力学 油藏工程 油藏数值模拟 采油工程,我国老油田油田：多数已进入开发中后期，含水高（很多90%），但采出程度低（陆上1550,海上油田18）； 新油田逐渐转向特殊油田的开发（稠油、低渗、裂洞、海上）。开采难度越来越大，对基础知识、综合技术水平要求越来越高。,油田开发现状：,(4)提高原油采收率的机理。 Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery,油层物理主要内容(Contences)：,(1)油藏流体(油、气、水)的高压物性； Prope
4、rties of reservoir Fluids,(2)油藏岩石的物理性质； Properties of Reservoir Rocks,(3)饱和多相流体的油藏岩石的物理性质； Properties of Porous Medium Containing Multiple Fluids,特点：概念多、实验性强、较抽象。,参考书：,1、洪世铎 油层物理基础； 2、何更生 油层物理； 3、罗蛰谭 油层物理学；,最后成绩：考试平时实验。 考试形式：闭卷,以基本概念及其应用为主。,第一章油藏流体的物理性质,油层(formation)：能储集油气、并能让油气在其中流动的多孔介质。,油藏：深埋在地下的
5、油气聚集的场所。 单一圈闭、统一的水动力系统、统一的油水界面。,Reservoir（油藏） is a porous and permeable subsurface formation containing reservoir fluids.,It is bounded by a barrier(遮挡) of impermeable rock and often by an aquifer barrier. It is characterized by one pressure system.,例如: 石油管理局 管理着很多采油厂管理着很多油田,* oil field,油田：一个地区地下所有的
6、油藏构成油田。 如石油管理局采油厂油田油藏,特点(characteristic)：处于高温、高压下，石油中溶有大量的天然气，地层水矿化度高。,油藏流体(reservoir fluids)：油藏中的石油、天然气、地层水。,Reservoir fluids refer to the crude oil, natural gas and water containing in the pores of the reservoir rocks.,Physical properties of the reservoir fluids are different from those of the flu
7、ids at the surface.,Characteristic(特点) : Reservoir fluids are usually under high T and P, the crude oil contains a large amount of dissolved gas(溶解气) ,reservoir water has much salts.,In this chapter, we will first discuss: (1) phase behavior of hydrocarbon system,随油藏的开采地下流体的相态发生变化影响最终采收率。为合理开发油藏，就必需
8、搞清地下流体的相态、物性随压力的变化。,(2) Solution and separation process in a gas-oil system (3) Properties of gas, oil and water.,Section 1 Phase behavior of hydrocarbon system,The hydrocarbons include alkanes(烷烃), cycloalkanes(环烷烃), aromatic(芳香烃),At normal T and P:,1. Chemical composition 、 Commercial properties o
9、f petroleum and its classification,Petroleum is a mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons.,Alkanes is the main components:,1.1 Chemical composition of petroleum,Nonhydrocarbons(非烃) are compounds of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen of alkanes(是胶质、沥青质的主要成分)。,1.2 Commercial value of Pet
10、roleum（商品性质）:,Commercial value of a petroleum liquid are specific gravity, viscosity, freezing point(凝固点), asphalt(沥青) content, sulfur content （硫化物）etc.,Although the quantities of these nonhydrocarbons are very small, they exert great influences on some of the properties of petroleum, such as color,
11、 specific gravity, viscosity and interfacial tension.,When the reservoir is developed, the states of the hydrocarbon depends upon (1) the composition of the hydrocarbon fluid , (2)the pressure and temperature.,2. Basic concepts in study of phase behavior,(1)System(体系): a amount of substances within
12、given boundaries under specific conditions composed of a number of components.,(2)Phase(相) is any homogeneous and physically distinct part of a system.,There is a definite bounding surfaces between different phases. A phase can consist of several components.,(4) Composition(组成) is the components and
13、 their relative quantities of a system.,(5) p-T phase diagram(相图) is the diagram which shows the conditions of temperature and pressure for which different phases exist .,(3) Components(组分) is the substance which consist of the system. such as the methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc in the petrole
14、um.,p-T diagram is the most often used one in petroleum industry.,3.1 phase behavior of one component system,(1) The Characteristic of one component system,3. Phase Diagram of one-,two-,multi-component system,P1 P2=Pd=Pb Pb Pb Pb P3,Dew point(露点) is the point at which only a small drop of liquid exi
15、st (or condensate) .,Bubble point(泡点 ) is the point at which the first few molecules leave the liquid and form a small bubble of gas.,Characteristic： bubble point(泡点压力)dew point(露点压力)。,(2) P-v diagram of one component system,As temperature increases, the volume change from gas state to liquid state
16、decreases. At Tc the length of horizontal line becomes a point C.,If temperature Tc, the gas can not be liquefied.,Point C is called critical point. Pc - The critical pressure Tc -The critical temperature,(3)P-T diagram of one component system,(1) It is a single linethe vapor pressure line, the locus of bubble points and dew points of the pure substance. (2)The critical point C is the highest pressure and highest temperature point at which gas and liquid can coexist.
