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1、1,科技英语的特点,English for Science and Technology,2,课程教学目的 培养学生对科技英语语言的理解能力和应用能力；让学生承担科技英语阅读必需的基本技能和知识，使学生能够以英语为工具获取科技知识及其他有关的信息。,3,科技英语的含义 不同于普通英语； 更不同于文学英语； 也不完全等同于专业英语。 English for Science and Technology 专门服务于理工科专业和各行业的科技人员。,4,科技英语与其它英语的区别,文学英语：需了解美国文化背景，语言漂亮 普通英语：以语法为主线，基础词汇 科技英语：注重翻译技巧，严谨，忠于原文， 但不一定
2、要直译 如:英文中的被动句中文中的主动句。,6,科技英语的学习方法 科技英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读的方法也有所不同，科技英语阅读要把准确理解放在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅读速度。和其他的英语能力一祥，科技英语阅读能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高科技英语阅读能力的最有效的方法。,7,1 科技英语的特点,1.1 科技英语的特点概述 1学时 1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象 6学时 1.3 科技英语中的一些常用句型 4学时,8,1.1 科技英语的特点概述,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点 二、科技英语句法上的特点 三、科技英语修辞上的特点,9,科技英语的基本特点,为了
3、了解科技英语的特点，我们先阅读下面一段关于许用应力的课文。,Despite the tests described in Chapters 1l and 12，materials may still fail in service，sometimes with disastrous results (e.g. when the failure occurs in aircraftbridges，ships，etc.). To try to avoid such disastrous occurring，the designer avoids using materials continuous
4、ly at their maximum allowable stress. This is done by employing a factor of safety. Unfortunately，increasing the strength of a component in the interests of safety not only increases the initial material costs，but also the operating costs. For example，the stronger and heavier the structure members o
5、f an aircraft，the fewer passengers it can carry and the more fuel it consumersTherefore a balance has to be maintained between safety，initial cost and operating costsThe designer is constantly striving to improve the former whilst reducing the latter,10,Allowable working stress is taken as a proport
6、ion of the yield or proof stress；that is，the component is only stressed within its elastic range when in serviceFor example, consider the screwed fastening shown in Fig. 1.l. When the nut is tightened normally the bolt is stretched slightly and，providing it is stressed within its elastic range，it wi
7、ll behave like a very powerful spring and will pull the joint faces together very firmly,11,The stress in the bolt is made up of two elements. Firstly, the stress imparted by the initial tightening of the bolt; secondly，the stress imparted by the load on the fastening in serviceThe sum of these stre
8、ss must not be allowed to approach，let alone exceed，the yield stress for the material of it will cease to act in an elastic mannerTherefore the designer proportions the fastening (another components) so as that there is a factor of safetyUsually the designer assumes an allowable working stress of on
9、ly half the yield stress for the material.,12,If the fastening shown in Fig. 1.1 is overstressed by applying excess torque to the nut (for example，by extending the length of the spanner with a tube)，the bolt will be stressed beyond its elastic rangeOnce the yield stress for the bolt has been exceede
10、d it exhibits plastic properties and takes a permanent set that is，it becomes permanently lengthened，the “spring back” is seriously reduced and the joint faces are no longer held firmly together. Thus for critical assemblies，the designer will seek to control the stress in the fastening and associate
11、d components by specifying the torque to be applied to the nut as it is tightened by the use of a “torque spanner” set to a specific value.,13,在文章结构方面，逻辑严谨，层次分明，复杂长句多； 在用词方面，必然要用到专业术语和专业单词，以及词性变换多； 在语法方面，非谓语动词多，较多地使用被动语态； 另一个重要特点是采用图表等非语言因素表达思想。,可以得出科技英语的特点：,14,词性转换多,英语单词有不少是多性词，如： Above 介词：above al
12、l (things) 形容词：for the above reason 副词：as(has been ) indicated above,15,副词： light come, light go,Light 名词：in the light of 由于，根据 high light(s) 强光，精华 safety light 安全指示灯 形容词：light industry light room light blue,16,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点, 专业词汇出现率低； 词义专一； 多来源于拉丁语和希腊语； 广泛使用缩略语； 前后缀出现率高,17,缩略语Abbreviation,普通英语中的缩略
13、语：i.e.即，etc.等，co.公司； 科技英语中缩略语多为单位名称、设备名称，仪器，方法，药剂等，一般在上下文中有原型。如： 英国电气工程师学会 Institution of Electrical Engineers 简称 IEE 美国科学情报研究所 Institute for Scientific Information 简称 ISI 核磁共振 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance简称 NMR 聚丙烯酰胺 PAM,18,1. 各种组织或机构的缩略词APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚太经济合作组织IOC(Internationa
14、l Olympic Committee)国际奥林匹克组织ISO(International Standard Organization)国际标准化组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克,石 油输出国组织WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织SOS村(SOS childrens village)一种专门收养孤儿的慈善机构,19,2 各种系统的缩略词BBS(bulletin board system)电子公告牌系统或(bulletin board service)电子公告服务GPS(globa
15、l positioning system)全球定位系统GSM(global system for mobile communications)全球移动通信系统CIMS(computer integrated manufacturing system)计算机集成制造系统DOS(disc operating system)磁盘操作系统GMDSS(global maritime distress and safety system)全球海上遇险与安全系统ITS(intelligent transportation system)智能交通系统NMD(National Missile Defense)国
16、家导弹防御系统TMD (theatre missile defense)战区导弹防御系统)NASDAQ(national association of securities dealers automated quotation)纳斯达克,(美)全国交易商自动报价系统协会,20,3 有关职务或学位的缩略词CEO(chief executive officer)首席执行官CFO(chief finance officer)首席财务官CGO(chief government officer)首席沟通官CIO(chief information officer)首席信息官COO(chief operating officer)首席运营官CTO(chief technology officer)首席技术官CPA(certified public accountant)注册会计师MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕士MPA(Master of Public Administrati
