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1、ChapterFourPlantsandCulturePlantsandCulture?Besidesmeatofanimals,theprimitivepeoplelivedontheplantstheygotfromnature.?Inordertohaveenoughtoeatandstoreallatonce,theybegantolearntomakestoneimplements（工具）withwhichtoplantplants.?Sowecanseehumanbeingshavedirectandcloserelationwithplants,andmanycustomsand
2、idiomaticusagesaboutplantscameintobeing,andsodidsuchculture.PlantsandCulture?Generallyspeaking,peopletakeinterestinthosebeautifulorvigorousplants,whicharousetheirdeepfeeling.Accordingtotheirownknowledgeandexperience,theyhavedecidedtochoosewhattheydliketosinghighpraisefor.?Forexample,Chinesepeopleoft
3、enassociate“美女”(aprettygirl)with“flower”and“君子”(agentleman)with“bamboo”.1.“Roseandlily”inWesternCulture?Forexample,theWesternersliketouse“rose”,fortheytakeitasalovetoken.Androseisbeautifulanditcanexpressaffection.?NowonderRobertBurnsfamoussayingfromoneofhispoems“Myloveislikeared,redrose”canbeeasilyu
4、nderstoodandacceptedbytheworldpeople.?Thewhiteroseconveysthemeaningof“truelove”.1.“Roseandlily”inWesternCulture?Thelightpinkroseisassociatedwithgentlenessandadmiration,andcanalsobeusedasanexpressionofsympathy;?Thedarkpinkroseissymbolicofgratitudeandappreciation,andisatraditionalwaytosaythanks;?Theye
5、llowroseexpressesdisloyalty;?Thewitheredrosemeansthat“Thebeautifulladyisoldandheryouthisgone.”1.“Roseandlily”inWesternCulture?Whenawomansitsbetweentwomen,theEnglishsay?“arosebetweentwothorns”.?Whenwesayonehasrosesinhercheeks,?itexpressesthemeaning:“她脸色白里透红”，whichisusedonlyforthedescriptionofwomenshe
6、alth.?Whentheysaytheboyishissonwhois“undertherose”,itmeans?theboyishisillegitimateson.1.“Roseandlily”inWesternCultureWheneverythinggoeswell，theysayeverythingiscominguproses.Theidiomaticexpression“abedofroses”isusedinformallytoreferto“asituationofease,pleasureandhappiness”.?TheEnglishproverb“Ifyoulie
7、uponroseswhenyoung,youlieuponthornswhenold.”?isequivalenttoChinesesaying“少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。”1.“Roseandlily”inWesternCulture?Inwesternculture,lilysymbolizesbeauty,eleganceandpurity.Theyliketorefertopuregirlaswhitelily,e.g.Sheisaswhiteaslily.?Thislittlegirlhaspeachycheeksandlily-whitecomplexion.?Theidiom“pa
8、int/gildthelily”issimilartoChineseallusion“画蛇添足”.2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?Theflowerasthesymbolofthefourseasons:?Thepeony（牡丹）,lotus,chrysanthemumandplumaresymbolicalofthefourseasons.?“四君子”inChineseculture:?Plum,orchid,bamboo,andChrysanthemumareoftenreferredtoinChinesecultureas“四君子”(fourplantssymbolizi
9、ngnoblecharacters).FortheChinesepeopletheyhaverichpleasantculturalassociations.2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?Theplum(梅）istheemblemofwinter.Thefruitisequallyprizedforitsfruitanditsblossoms.?Thefragranceandsnowypurityoftheflowerhavebeencelebratedinnumberlessverses.?Itiscommonlyregardedasasymboloflonglife,ow
10、ingtothefactthattheflowersappearontheleaflessandapparentlylifelessbranchesofthetreeuntilitreachesanextremelyadvancedage.2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?InChineselanguage“plumblossom（梅花）”ischaracteristicforitsinsultofcoldanditsarroganceinfreezingweather(保剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来),whichimplies“坚贞不渝”(peoplestandingfirma
11、ndunyielding：江姐).?So“plum”istypicallyknownforitscharacteristicsof“高洁”(itsarroganceandpurity).?“超凡脱俗”(transcendenceoftheworldly)and“孤芳自赏”(indulgenceinself-admiration)aretheexactimpressionsthatChinesepeoplehaveaboutplum.2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?OrchidisdeartotheChinesepeople.Itistheemblemofloveandbeaut
12、y,andstandsforfragranceandrefinement.?Confuciusremarkedonitsexquisite(优雅的)characteristics,anditisthereforeemblematicoftheperfectorsuperiorman（幽兰操）.?Itsymbolizespurity,nobilityandtheunsullied(洁净的)character(幽兰生前庭，含薰带清风)inChineseculture.2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?Bamboo,commonlyknownasthefriendofChina,gro
13、wsthroughoutthegreaterpartofthecountry.?TheChineseareexceedinglyfondofborrowingfiguresandillustrationsfromthebamboo.?ManyChinesepoetsuseditintheirpoemstospeakhighlyoftheexemplaryconductandnobilityofcharacter,asin“咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中；千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。”(郑板桥竹石)2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?Thebambooisanemblemoflo
14、ngevityowingprobablytoitsdurability,andtothefactthatitisevergreenandflourishesthroughoutthewinterandthusbecomesthesymbolofindomitability(坚忍不拔)andunyieldingintegrity(高风亮节)inChineseculture.?Furthermore,bambooisfeaturedforits“joints”(节).“节”implieshere“节操”(highmoralprincipleanduprightness)and“气节”(moralc
15、ourage).?Bambooisalsonotedforitsoutwardhardtextureandthe“insidehollowness”,whichimplies“modestyandunselfishness”(虚心，无私).2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?TheEnglishknownothingaboutbamboobecausethereisnosuchaplantinBritain,buttheChinesepeoplearefamiliarwithit,theyusebambootomakealotofthings.Forexample:?Bamboop
16、ole;?Bamboobasket;?Bamboohat;?Bambooraft;?Bamboocage;?Bamboomat;?Bamboofurniture.2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?Whenonehasachievednothingbecausehetookwrongsteps,theChinesepeoplesay?“竹篮子打水一场空”；?whentheysay“friendshipduringchildhood”,thismeans?“竹马之交”；?whentheysay“agirlandaboyplayinnocentlytogetherduringchildhood”,thismeans?“青梅竹马”?whenonetellseverythingandholdsnothingback,theChinesepeoplesay?“竹筒倒豆子”.2.“四君子”inChineseCulture?Whenalotofnewthingswelluptogether,theChinesepeoplesay“雨后春笋(bambooshootsafteraspring
