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1、法律英语,1,LessonTwo,LegalProfession法律职业,法律英语,2,Iftherewerenobadpeople,therewouldbenogoodlawyers.CharlesDickens,Britishnovelist倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。英国小说家狄更斯C,法律英语,3,Background,律师法官检查官法学教师,变换频繁HarlanFiskeStone,法律英语,4,法律英语,6,法律英语,7,律师,美国LawyerAttorneyAttorneyat-lawCounselerCounselerat-law,英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师
2、，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师,法律英语,8,Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。,法律英语,9,Mostrequirethreeyearsofcollegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsfo
3、ritsbar.,三年大学法律学位书面考试,法律英语,10,Almostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.,各州律师联考州综合问答题,法律英语,11,TheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontr
4、acts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.,法律英语,12,Asubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。,法律英语,13,Inall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationstothebarintheirrespectivestates
5、.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。,法律英语,14,Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliance
6、withminorformalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。,法律英语,15,Alawyerspracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业,法律英语,16,Itiscustomarytoretainlocalcounsel
7、formattersinotherjurisdictions.在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。,法律英语,17,Onewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmittedwithoutexaminationifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，
8、通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。,法律英语,18,Alawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.,从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动,法律英语,19,Itisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.,在公司的董事会
9、任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务,法律英语,20,Alawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,anymayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。,法律英语,21,Arelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgive
10、uppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。,法律英语,22,ThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGe
11、neraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.,法律英语,23,HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946,DistinguishedjuristHarlanFiskeStonewasbornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield,NewHampshire.著名法理学家,法律英语,24,AftergraduatingfromAmherstCollegein1894,hecontinuedontoColumbiaUniversityfromwhichhereceivedhislawdegreein18
12、98.ThenextyearhewasadmittedtotheNewYorkbar.加入纽约律师协会,法律英语,25,In1910StonebecamethedeanoftheColumbiaLawSchool.In1924hewasappointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）,法律英语,26,In1925hewasnominatedtotheSupremeCourt.WhileontheCourt,StonewasastrongsupporterofPresidentRooseveltsNewDe
13、allegislation.RooseveltappointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonediedin1946attheageof73.最高法院法官罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官,法律英语,27,Theseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国没有律师职业的划分。,英国：Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师,法律英语,28,thereisnobranchofprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverightt
14、oappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.,法律英语,29,TheAmericanlawyersdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,anddrafting.Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedomainisexclusiveandisnotopentoothers.代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；起草文书；律师实务,法律英语,30,Inthefield
15、ofadvocacy,therulesarefairlyclear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut,withtheexceptionofafewinferiorcourts,onlyalawyermayrepresentanotherincourt.出庭辩护：当事人本人代理律师,法律英语,31,Thelinesofdemarcationarelessclearintheareasofcounselinganddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetweenthepracticeo
16、flawandthatofaccountinginthefieldoffederalincometaxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。,法律英语,32,However,thestrictapproachofmostAmericancourtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYorkshighestcourtthatalawyeradmittedtopracticeinaforeigncountrybutnotinNewYorkisprohibitedfromgivinglegaladvicetoclientsinNewYork,eventhoughtheadviceislimitedtothelawofforeigncountrywherethelawyerisadmitted.纽约最高法院规定，在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师，不得给纽约的当事人提供法律咨询，即使咨询在该律师允许执业的国家是被允许的，美国大多数法院都采取了这一严格的措施。,法律英语,33,Aforeignlawyermaybea
