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1、专题 现在完成时构成Have/has +过去分词现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式：肯定式否定式疑问式单数I haveYou have + workedHe/She/It hasI haveYou have + not workedHe/She/It hasHave IHave you + worked?Have he/she/it 复数WeYou +have workedTheyWeYou +have not workedTheyHave weHave you + worked?Have they【提示】现在完成时的肯定式和否定式有其缩写形式：haveve, hass.例如：Shes wor
2、ked. =She has worked. Ive not worked. = I havent worked.现在完成时的否定疑问句形式为：Have you not worked? Have they not worked? Has he not worked?其缩写形式为：Havent you worked? Havent they worked? Hasnt he worked?现在完成时的简略回答形式为：Yes, I have. No, I have not/havent.用法过去动作产生的影响等表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。在没有具体时间状语的情况下，现在完成时
3、可以表示某一行为动作在说话之前已经完成，而其结果或影响至今仍然存在。因此，现在完车时这一时态强调的是过去的动作同现在的联系，也就是强调现在的影响和结果。例如：Someone has broken the window.（“打破”这一动作虽然发生在过去，但影响延续至今，其结果是窗子仍然是破的，The window is now broken.）I have lost my pen.（结果是：我现在无钢笔可用，I have no pen to use.）Hes locked the door.(结果是：现在门锁上了，我们进不去，Now the door is locked and we cant
4、go in.)The party has started. (The party started and now it is going on.)She has not eaten anything today.(现在一定很饿了)I have had my lucnch.( I had my lunch and I am not hungry now.)Ive forgotten her name= I forgot her name.过去的动作延续到现在和未来表示一个开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去的动作或状态，常同for, since引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long（多久）
5、句型中，表示持续的时间。例如：He has studied English for ten years.（可能继续学下去）She has lived here since then.He has been in Nanjing since 2003.Miss Lin has worked in the factory since she came to the city.The girl has been ill for a week.How long have you lived in the house?【提示】for是介词，后面只能跟单词或词组；since是介词或连词，后面可以跟单词、词
6、组或句子。同recently等状语连用现在完成时常同表示从过去某时刻延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语连用，如recently, today, this morning, this week, lately, up to now, so far, in the past/last few months, since three years ago等。例如：I havent seen him this week.I have been busy this morning.He has bought a new bike recently.同often等状语连用现在完成时常同不明确指出具体时间
7、的状语连用，如often, already, yet, never, ever, always, once, twice, sometimes, just, for a long time, only twice等。例如：I have never been to England.Have you done your homework yet?We have already finished the work.将来某时已经完成的动作现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中，表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。例如：He will come as soon as he has finished th
8、e homework.If you have read the book before I leave, please lend it to me.We shall wait here until the rain has stopped.have gone和have beenhave gone和have been意义上不同，前者表示“到某地去了，尚没回来，现在不在这里”，后者表示“曾经到过某地，现在已返回”。比较：She has gone to Beijing.(她现在不在这里，去北京了，可能已经到达，也可能仍在途中)She has been to Beijing.(她以前到过北京，现在已不
9、在北京了)Where has he been?(他已回来)Where has he gone?(他现在不在这里)比较：have been to do sth做过了某事have gone to do sth去做某事了have come to do sth来做某事了for 2004还是since 2004英语中有些动词表示的动作是一时性的、短暂的、不能延续的，所以，不能同for和since等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也不可用于“How long/How many+时间名词”句中。因此，这类动词可以单独使用于完成时中，但不可同表示一段时间的状语一起用于完成时中，包括现在完成时和过去完成时。这类动
10、词有：go, come, leave, arrive, join, receive, get, die, buy, borrow, choose, close, fall, finish, kill, lend, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, sit down, stand up等。比较：How long may I keep the book?Her grandmother has been dead for five months.It is five months since her grandfather died.He has ar
11、rived.He arrived there three hours ago.Its three hours since he arrived.It has been three hours since he arrived.He has been away from Shanghai for two weeks.It is two weeks since he left Shanghai.He has left Shanghai.She has joined the army.She has been in the army since 20004.It is three years sin
12、ce she joined the army.【提示】非延续性动词的完成时有时可以同for引导的短语连用，但表示的是某一动作的目的或结果，而不是表示动作本身延续的时间。例如：She has come for two weeks.她已经来了，准备住两个星期。He has gone for three days.他走了，要在三天后回来。非延续性动词的否定式表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因此可以同for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。例如：I havent received her letter for a whole year.He hasnt bought any book since l
13、ast month.现在完成时和一般过去时的比较 现在完成时不可与表示特定过去时间的副词连用，如ago, then, yesterday等，但一般过去时可以。例如：He worked here last year. 现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，而一般过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身，与现在的结果无关。例如：He has been ill for a week.（现在仍然病着）He was ill for a week.（过去病过一个星期，现在好了）He has bought a house（现在完成时，到说话时仍然拥有那所房子）He bought a house five
14、years ago(一般过去时只说明他五年前买过一所房子，现在不一定还拥有那所房子)I havent written him for ages.(现在仍没有写)I didnt write him for ages(仅指过去)现在完成时可以同现在在内的时间状语连用；而一般过去时则不可。例如：It has been hot this summer.（说话时仍然是夏天）It was hot this summer.（说话时夏天已经过去） 现在完成时不可与疑问副词when连用；而一般过去时则可以。例如：When did he come?already和yet的区别already用于肯定句，yet用于否
15、定句和疑问句；already有时也可用于疑问句，表示“惊讶，意外”的意思。例如：Hurry up, we are already twenty minutes late.I havent heard from him yet.Has class begun yet?Has class begun already?(想不到)Have you sold the car yet?Have you sold the car already?（惊讶）【补充】ago和before的用法ago是副词，表示从现在算起的若干时间以前，用于“名词词组+ago”结构；ago所在句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；ago不可单独使用，也不可用作连词。before作副词用时，表示从过去某一时刻或某一事件算起的若干时间以前，所在句中的谓语动词用过去去完成时；before还可以单独使用，意为“以前”，谓语动词用现在完成时，ago则没有这种用法；before还可以用作连词，后接单词、词组或句子，ago则没有这种用法。比较：She saw the film three days a
