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1、Grammar: 动词不定式一不定式的五种基本形式主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing不定式的否定形式：not to do/ not to have done / not to be doing/ not to be done/ not to have been done不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式由to be + V-ing构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。eg. Some students pretended _ (read) English when
2、the teacher came in.不定式完成式由to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。eg. - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。eg. It is an honour for me_ (invite) to t
3、he party. The book is said _ (translate) into many languages. All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving二. 不定式句法功能1. 作主语：To find a true friend is difficult. 不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句
4、首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语It is difficult to find a true friend.Is it difficult to find a true friend?How difficult it is to find a true friend!不定式作主语常见句型：a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + to do sth.b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + to do sth. e
5、g. Its a pleasure to go shopping at weekends.c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + to do sth.eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.2. 作表语：当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含
6、内容。eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.3.作宾语 The teacher said “Remember to bring the book tomorrow!”a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, inte
7、nd, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do句式,常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。如: He feels it his duty to help the poor.I think it difficult to find a true friend.b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词
8、宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do时，通常省略to。eg. The bus hadnt come. We had no choice but to wait.= We could do nothing but wait.4. 宾语补足语在主语+谓语+宾语+宾补句型中，许多动词都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。a) 通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, permit, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, in
9、vite, wish, beg等You should get them to help you.在谓语动词believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be作宾补，不跟to do, 有时to be可省略 We all believe John (to be) honest. I consider him (to be) one of the best teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have b
10、een foolish.b) 以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to使役动词，如：let, have, make等感官动词，如： see, watch, notice, look at ,listen to ,hear, feel,等Dont let the children trouble you.I heard someone open the door.但当这两类动词为被动态时，不定式就成了主补。作主补的不定式必须加上toHis father made him go to bed early.He was made to go to bed early by his father.动词
11、不定式省略to的情况还有：a) would rather, had better, why not do I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom.Why not visit your cousin in Japan?b)当两个动词不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rather than相连接时，通常情况下第二个to要省略Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?I decided to write rather than phone.We h
12、ad nothing to do but watch TV.=we had no choice but to watch TV.(注：一般情况下作介词but, except后接to do，但是如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do时，通常省略to。)5. 作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等eg. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents
13、regularly.常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.（Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词
14、，它后面需要加上适当介词。）Eg. Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主谓关系 Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位关系 She has a meeting to attend. （动宾关系=attend a meeting） Theres nothing to worry about. (动宾关系=worry about nothing)6. 作状语作目的状语 (1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decid
15、ed to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as (in order) not to forget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there in order (so as) to see what would happen. =I stayed there so that (in order that) I could see what would happen. 作原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去
