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1、Terrorism,Content,Definition of terrorism Forms of terrorism terrorisms history The relationship between media and Terrorism,What is terrorism?,Terrorism is generally considered to be a criminal action of violence or destruction that is aimed at members of the public in order to spread fear and disr
2、uption, publicize the terrorists aims and force a government or organization to act in a certain way. Rosemary H.T. OKane,forms of Terrorism,Main six categories Civil disorder Political terrorism Non-Political terrorism Quasi-terrorism Limited political terrorism Official or state terrorism,Forms of
3、 Terrorism,Shooting Explosion Hijack of Planes Suicide Attack Nuclear Weapons Biological Weapons Bombing Assassination,Several terrorist events after 1900,1995 America， Oklahoma City Bombing 2. 1995 Japan Sarin attack on the Tokyo Subway 3. 1995 Israeli Prime minister Rabin was assassinated 4. 1998
4、America, Explosion of The American embassy in Tanzania and Kenya embassy,5. 2001 America 911 6. 2005 UK London Bombing 7. 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings 8. 2009 Pakistan Serial Explosion 9. 2010 Iraq Serial Explosion,Terrorism past and present,Early terrorist groups: holy terror Zealots of Judea Assassi
5、ns Thugs,Terrorism past and present,Modern terrorism: anarchists to left-wing Middle East Terrorism European Terrorism Latin American Terrorism,The relationship between mass media and terrorism,If the content of media offers the audience is delivered or influenced by an organization that has the obj
6、ective to disturb safety? This is the case with terrorism. (Hoffman) In order to spread fear and advance its political goals, a terrorist organization needs the mass media. The goal, however, is to spread the message to more people than just those who were directly hit in the attack.,Terrorists usin
7、g the mass media,It will be a unsuccessful action for terrorism if no one pay attention to the action. “without the medias coverage the acts impact is arguably wasted, remaining narrowly confined to the immediate victim(s) of the attack, rather than reaching the wider target audience at whom the ter
8、rorists violence is actually aimed.” (Hoffman 2006, 174). media is used for moral justification, arousal of sympathy and intimidation of the public.,Terrorists using the mass media,Terrorism, in order to demoralize enemies such as governments. Gaining sympathy and creating fear and chaos are the mai
9、n interests of terrorists for which they can utilize the media. (Paletz and Vinson 1992, 2). The insurgent wages is depended on the direct or indirect use of means of communications and news transmitted orally in order to demoralize the government.,Mass media encourages terrorism,As British Prime Mi
10、nister, Margaret Thatcher, Media provides oxygen to terrorism. Terrorism and western news media have a close symbiosis relations. (Laqueur, 1987) Press freedom becomes “intimidation freedom. E.g.: During the year of 1981 to 1986, the biggest three American TV station: ABC, CBS and NBC report more th
11、an 2000 pieces of news about terrorism. They reported on terrorism beyond to the total number of poor, unemployment, racial inequality and crime news.,Mass media leads to terrorism update,The medias saturated reporting on terrorist results in the indifference of the public, terrorists publicity is d
12、eprived. (Neil C.Livingstone) Their goal is to attract media and publics attention. Media tend to make terrorist activities become crueller and crueller.,Mass media leads to terrorism update,E.g.: in the year of 1995, Aum Doomsday Cult carried out the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway. This had c
13、aused more than 5510 casualties.,Terrorism in Internet,The most devastating terrorist act drew more attention to the role of new communication technology by facilitating the players in international terrorist organizations and conspiracies. (Nacos, 2007),Terrorist propaganda tools,Website Chat rooms
14、 Message boards E-mail facilities,Discussion question,What does the media could get from the reports of terrorism event?,Bibliography,Hoffman, B. (2006), Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press Laqueur, W. (2001), A History of Terrorism, London: Transaction Publishers. Livingstone, Neil C ( 1986) Fighting back : winning the war against terrorism. Lexington Books Nacos, B.L. (2007). Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism London: Rowman & Littlefield.,谢谢观看！ 2020,
