《《语言学教程》第 4 章 句法学》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《语言学教程》第 4 章 句法学（109页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、第 1 讲 第 4 章 句法学 （From Word to Text / Syntax）,4.0. 结构主义语言学的基本理论 4.1. 句法关系,学习要点,1. 概念。 2. 概念之间的联系（对比，上下游）即理论。 3. 理论联系实际，学以致用。,语言中的层次（Stratification）,Saussure Bloomfield (1857-1913)(瑞士) (1887-1949)(美国),Structural Linguistics 的基本理论,索绪尔的语言学被称为结构主义语言学。 结构主义语言学的基本理论 1. 语言是一个相对封闭的结构；在这个结构中，各个组成部分的特征和属性完全由它们
2、在结构内部的相互关系来界定； 2. 这个结构有不同的层次，每一层上的成分通过结合形成更高的层次； 3. 一个层次上的各种成分与其他层次上的各种成分形成对照，这就是说，每个层次的结构原理都是相同的。,A quarter of a century after the introduction of television into American society, a period that has seen the medium become so deeply ingrained in American life that in at least one state the televisio
3、n set has attained the rank of a legal necessity, safe from repossession in case of debt along with clothes, cooking utensils, and the like, television has become an inevitable and ordinary part of daily life.,A quarter of a century after the introduction of television into American society, a perio
4、d that has seen the medium become so deeply ingrained in American life that in at least one state the television set has attained the rank of a legal necessity, safe from repossession in case of debt along with clothes, cooking utensils, and the like, television has become an inevitable and ordinary
5、 part of daily life.,句法学的定义,Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways (different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language), and the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. 句法学研究(语言中的不同成分)组成句子的规则，并研究句子结构成分之间的相互关系。,知识点之间的联系,“句法关系” 描写的是语法结构的形成
6、过程。 “语法结构” 描写的是语法结构形成之后的结果。 “成 分” 描写的是语法结构内的组成部分。 “句法功能” 描写的是各个组成部分之间的关系。 “范 畴” 描写的是成分本身所具有的属性。 “短语、小句和句子” 是对语法结构的具体化。 “递 归 性” 是语法结构本身所具有的属性。,4.1 句法关系,Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds, namely, positional relations, relations of substitutability, and relations of co-occurrence. 注解
7、： 1. 句法关系描写的是句子形成过程中涉及到的三种关系。 2. 这三种关系是从三个角度观察句子的形成过程所；它们相辅相成，不可分割。,A student, replying to an invitation to dinner, finished his letter: “I shall be delighted to come and I am looking forward to the day with anxiety.”,4.1.1 位置关系,Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangemen
8、t of words in a language. 位置关系，或词序，是指语言中词的排列顺序。 If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.,英汉语句内的语序的总体对比,1. 平常女孩子所喜好的事，她却一点都不爱。 She didnt share the same likes with o
9、rdinary girls. 2. 他一九三五年八月二十二日早晨六点三十分诞生在(1)湖南的(2)一个小县城。 He was born (2) in a small town (1) of Hunan Province at six thirty on the morning of August 22, 1935. of 22 August，1935.,英汉语句子结构的一般特征 英语句子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，在此基础上，借助于现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式、并列连词、从属连词、关系代词、关系副词、介词、或副词等连接手段，将句子中的各个次要成分连接起来，层层搭架，呈现出
10、由中心向外围扩展的“分岔式”结构。 汉语句子一般通过多个动词的连用或流水句形式，按照时间先后顺序和事理推移的方式，把事情一件件交待清楚，呈现出“流水式”的结构。,4.1.2 替换关系,Firstly, the relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words (substitutable for each other grammatically) (in sentences with the same structure). 首先，替换关系是指在相同结构的句子中，语法上可以互相替代的词类或词的集合。 Secondly
11、, it refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set. 其次，它还指由多个词组成的词组，这些词在语法上可以代替特定集合中的单个词。,3. It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use
12、of language gives us mastery over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “what sort of a man is so-and-so?” You begin: “Oh, I think hes quite a nice chap but hes rather” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that you dont like, t
13、hat constitutes his limitation. When you find the right phrase, (为断句，译者自加的逗号)you feel that your conception of the man is cleaner and sharper,五种同义表述,4.1.3 同现关系,Relation of Co-occurrence means words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class t
14、o form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. 同现关系指(小句中不同集合的词)(允许或要求)和(另一集合或类别中的词) 一起组成(句子或句子的某一部分)。 Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.,4.1 小结,How can I know what I think till I see what I say?,本章各节,第 2 讲 第 4 章 句法学 （From Word
15、to Text / Syntax）,4.2. 语法结构及其成分,本节的结构示意图,4.2 Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents,Grammatical Construction means any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to th
16、e meaning or use (the construct contains). 语法结构是指语言中被赋予一种或多种功能的任何一个句法结构，包括该结构在语言学上所拥有的常规意义和用法。,必要说明,1. “语法结构”（grammatical construction）也叫“句法结构”（syntactic construct）。 2. 语法结构：词组或短语、小句、或句子。,The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, with the term such as clausal type, phrasal type. 语法结构的外部句法是指该结构在整体上所具有的句法特征，可用小句类型、短语类型等术语来表示。 语法结构的内部句法实际上是描写该结构的组成部分，可用“主语、谓语、宾语、限定词、名词”等术语来表示。 The intern
