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1、英语试卷本卷分为第卷和第卷两部分。考试时间60分钟，满分100分。考试结束后，第卷和机读卡一并收回。注意事项：1.答第卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。2.请将选择题答案填涂在机读卡上，请将非选择题答案写在第卷上，否则不予给分。第I卷（选择题，满分60分）第一部分 阅读理解（共10小题；每小题3分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、和C )中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ALarger brain size is linked to longer life in deer. The size of female animals
2、brains may determine whether they live longer and have more healthy later generations, according to new research led by the University of Cambridge.The study, published in the Royal Society Open Science, shows that female red deer with larger brains live longer and have more surviving later generati
3、ons than those with smaller brains. Brain size is heritable and can be passed down through generations. This is the first extensive study of individual differences in brain size in wild mammals and draws on data comparing seven generations of deer.Across species of mammals, brain size varies widely.
4、 This is thought to be a consequence of specific differences in the benefits and costs of a larger brain. Mammals with larger brains may, for example, have greater abilities that enable them to adapt better to environmental changes or they may have longer life spans. But there may also be disadvanta
5、ges: For instance, larger brains require more energy, so individuals that possess them may show reduced abilities to give birth to young babies.The researchers, based at the University of Cambridges Zoology Department and the University of Edinburghs Institute of Evolutionary Biology, wanted to test
6、 if they could find more direct genetic or non-genetic evidence of the costs and benefits of large brain size by comparing the longevity (寿命) and survival of individuals of the same species with different brain sizes. Using the skulls of 1,314 wild red deer whose life histories and breeding success
7、had been monitored in the course of a long-term study on the Isle of Rum, they found that females with larger endocranial volumes ( 脑腔容量) lived longer and produced more surviving offspring in the course of their lives.Lead author Dr. Corina Logan, a Gates Cambridge scholar, says, The reasons for the
8、 association between brain size and longevity are not known, but other studies have suggested that larger brains are a consequence of the longer-lived species having longer developmental periods in which the brain can grow. These predictions are generated from cross-species correlations; however, te
9、sting such hypotheses requires investigations at the within-species level, which is what we did.Dr. Logan adds, We found that some of the cross-species predictions about brain size held for female red deer, and that none of the predictions were supported in male red deer. This indicates that each se
10、x likely experiences its own set of trade-offs (平衡) with regard to brain size. The study also showed that females relative endocranial volume is smaller than that of males, despite evidence of selection for larger brains in females.Professor Tim Clutton-Brock, who set up the Rum Red Deer study with
11、Fiona Guinness in 1972 and started the work on brain size, points out, The reason that this kind of study has not been conducted before is that it requires long-term records of a large number of individuals across multiple generations and data of this kind are still rare in wild animals.1. What does
12、 the new research on brain size reveal?A. Large-brain red deer tend to have more offspring.B. Large-brain female deer survive small-brain male deer.C. Brain size causes individual differences in some mammals.D. Brain size has been increasing from generation to generation.2. Why does the brain size v
13、ary widely from different species of mammals?A. Mammals can develop different adaptive abilities.B. A larger brain has its advantages and disadvantages.C. Different mammals are born with different lifespans.D. Brain size is affected by genetic or non-genetic factors.3. What can we learn about the re
14、lation between brain size and longevity?A. The cause and effect need to be further investigated.B. Brain size absolutely determines animals longevity.C. Longer-lived species allow brains to grow to a large size.D. The cross-species assumptions apply to red deer of both sexes.4. What can we infer fro
15、m Professor Tim Clutton-Brocks words?A. Researchers cant possibly reach a conclusion about the reason.B. Researchers are not patient enough to keep long-term records.C. Such research has been thoroughly conducted on wild animals before.D. Such research will experience great difficulty in the long-te
16、rm process.BLook at the map of Spain and point at the center. Youve located the countrys capital and one of Europes most beautiful cities: Madrid. This popular destination is considered a city of contrasts with its abundant historic sites standing in the shadows of modern skyscrapers.HistoryThis city of over 3 million people is proud of its Western Europes largest royal palace-the Royal Palace
