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1、Chapter6Pragmatics 语用学 thestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication thestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication SomebasicnotionsinPragmatics ContextPragmaticsvs semanticsSentencemeaningvs utterancemeaningCorrectne
2、ssvs appropriateness Context Context abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer suchasculturalbackground situation time place manner etc therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer etc Pragmaticsvs semantics Semantics isthestudyof
3、theliteralmeaningofasentence withouttakingcontextintoconsideration Pragmatics thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker takingcontextintoconsideration e g TodayisSunday semantically itmeansthattodayisthefirstdayoftheweek pragmatically youcanmeanalotbysayingthis alldependingonthecontextandtheintentionof
4、thespeaker say makingasuggestionorgivinganinvitation Sentencemeaningvs utterancemeaning Sentencemeaning abstractandcontext independentmeaning literalmeaningofasentence utterancemeaning concreteandcontext dependentmeaning intendedmeaningofaspeaker Forexample Thebagisheavy canmean abagbeingheavy sente
5、ncemeaning anindirect politerequest askingthehearertohelphimcarrythebag Note Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonthesentencemeaning itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication orsimplyinacontext utterancemeaningisricherthansentencemeaning itisidenticalwiththepurposef
6、orwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence Correctnessvs appropriateness Johnplaygolf grammaticallyincorrect GolfplayedJohn logicallyincorrect butitmightbeappropriatepragmaticallyincertaincontext Note Pragmaticscanmakesenseoutofnonsense givenasuitablecontext Appropriatenessisveryimportantinlinguisticcommuni
7、cation especiallyincross culturalcommunication Ifyousaysomethinggrammaticallyincorrect youareatworsecondemnedas speakingbadly but ifyousaysomethinginappropriately youwillbejudgedas behavingbadly suchasinsincere untruthful ordeceitful Thomas 1983 Speechacttheory Speechactsisatermderivedfromtheworkoft
8、hephilosopherJ L Austin 1962 andnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesinrelationtothebehaviorofthespeakerandthehearerininterpersonalcommunication Itaimstoanswerthequestion Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage Twotypesofutterances 话语 constatives 叙述句 statementsthateitherstateordescribe andaret
9、husverifiable verifai bl 能证实的 performatives 施为句 sentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate andarenotverifiable Note Sometimestheyareeasytogetconfused e g Itisrainingoutside canbeaconstative andalsoaperformative forbyutteringsuchasentence wemaynotonlystateafact butinvolveintheactofinformingsomeonea
10、bouttherain SomeExamplesofPerformatives Ido InamethisshipElizabeth Igiveandbequeath 遗赠 mywatchtomybrother Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow Ideclarethemeetingopen Austin snewmodelofspeechacts AccordingtoAustin snewmodel aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking locutionaryact illo
11、cutionaryactandperlocutionaryact thelocutionaryact 言内行为 anactofsayingsomething i e anactofmakingameaningfulutterance literalmeaningofanutterance theillocutionaryact 言中行为 anactperformedinsayingsomething insayingX IwasdoingY theintentionofthespeakerwhilespeaking theperlocutionaryact 言后行为 anactperforme
12、dasaresultofsayingsomething bysayingXanddoingY IdidZ thehearer sresponse Forexample Itiscoldinhere Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaningtheweatheriscoldinhere Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearertoshutthewindow Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusalt
13、ocomplywiththerequest Analyzeonemoreexample Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen Note Ofthethreeacts whatspeechacttheoryismostconcernedwithistheillocutionaryact Itattemptstoaccountforthewaysbywhichspeakerscanmeanmorethanwhattheysay Analyzetheillocutionaryactsofthefollowingconversationbetweenacouple thetelepho
14、nerings H That thephone 1 W I minthebathroom 2 H Okay 3 Thisseeminglyincoherentconversationgoesonsuccessfullybecausethespeakersunderstandeachother sillocutionaryacts 1 Makingarequestofhiswifetogoandanswerthephone 2 Arefusaltocomplywiththerequest issuingarequestofherhusbandtoanswerthephoneinstead 3 A
15、cceptingthewife srefusalandacceptingherrequest meaning allright I llanswerit Searle sclassificationofspeechacts 1969 Assertives representatives 阐述 Directives 指令 Commissives 承诺 Expressives 表达 Declarations 宣告 Assertives representatives 阐述 Statingordescribing sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue e g It
16、hinkthefilmismoving I mcertainIhaveneverseenthemanbefore Isolemnlyswearthathehadgotit Directives 指令 Tryingtogetthehearertodosomething e g Iorderyoutoleaverightnow Openthewindow please Yourmoneyoryourlife Commissives 承诺 Committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction e g Ipromisetocome Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail Expressives 表达 Expressingthespeaker spsychologicalstateaboutsomething e g I msorryforbeinglate Iapologizeforthesufferingsthatthewarhascausedtoyourpeople Declarations 宣告
