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1、1 温馨提示 此题库为 Word 版 请按住 Ctrl 滑动鼠标滚轴 调节 合适的观看比例 关闭 Word 文档返回原板块 一 科普知识类 1 二 广告宣传类 9 三 政治经济类 20 四 人物传记类 21 五 文化教育类 37 六 社会生活类 60 七 环境保护类 86 八 文学艺术类 93 考点考点 1 阅读理解阅读理解 一 一 科普知识类科普知识类 2016 江苏卷江苏卷 B 话题 黑猩猩与人类 词数 387 难度 Chimps 黑猩猩 will cooperate in certain ways like gathering in war parties to protect thei
2、r territory But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings they have little instinct 本能 to help one another Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children who are able from a young age to gather their own food In the laborator
3、y chimps don t naturally share food either If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or with no greater effort a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in 2 the next cage he will pull at random he just doesn t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not Chimp
4、s are truly selfish Human children on the other hand are naturally cooperative From the earliest ages they desire to help others to share information and to participate in achieving common goals The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very
5、young children He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door almost all will immediately try to help There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help inform and share are not taught but naturally possessed in young children One is that
6、 these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive 认
7、知的 skills at least when compared with chimps In tests conducted by Tomasello the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world The core of what children s minds have and chimps don t is what Tomasello calls sha
8、red intentionality Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking But beyond that even very young 3 children want to be part of a shared purpose They actively seek to be part of a we a group that intends to work toward a shared goal 文章大意 通过实验 对比黑猩猩与人类的主观能动性 58 What can
9、we learn from the experiment with chimps A Chimps seldom care about others interests B Chimps tend to provide food for their children C Chimps like to take in their neighbors food D Chimps naturally share food with each other 解析 选 A 推理判断题 由第二段 he just doesn t care whether his neighbor gets fed or no
10、t Chimps are truly selfish 可知黑猩猩很少去 关心其他猩猩的利益 59 Michael Tomasello s tests on young children indicate that they A have the instinct to help others B know how to offer help to adults C know the world better than chimps D trust adults with their hands full 解析 选 A 细节理解题 由第三段最后一句 He finds that if babies
11、 aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door almost all will immediately try to help 可知小孩有帮助别 人的本能 60 The passage is mainly about 4 A the helping behaviors of young children B ways to train children s shared intentionality C cooperation as a distinctive human nature D
12、 the development of intelligence in children 解析 选 C 主旨大意题 文章通过人类与猩猩的比较得知 合作 相互帮助是人类的本性 2016 浙江卷浙江卷 C 话题 儿童玩耍与科学家的研究 词数 444 难度 A scientist working at her lab bench and a six month old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common After all the scientist is engaged in serious research
13、 to uncover the very nature of the physical world and the baby is well just playing right Perhaps but some developmental psychologists 心理学家 have argued that this play is more like a scientific investigation than one might think Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table Each time the bowl o
14、f rice is pushed over the table edge it falls to the ground and in the process it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact 相互作用 bowls of rice do not float in mid air but require support to remain stable It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the uni
15、verse nor are they ever clearly taught it Instead babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even 5 more about how objects interact Though their ranges and tools differ the baby s investigation and the scientist s experim
16、ent appear to share the same aim to learn about the natural world overall approach gathering direct evidence from the world and logic are my observations what I expected Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means For example it may only be through repeated experiments evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory that a baby will come to accept
