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1、Puritanism: stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from Gods grace Stressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 以伊甸园传说为基础Transcendentalism(超验主义)marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance spirit and individual and nature；American Pur
2、itanism + European RomanticismRealism: broadly defined as “the faithful respentation of reality” or “verisimilitude”.Naturalism: a term created by Emile Zola(法国女作家)； men are weak; philosophical pessimists A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of hum
3、an beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.Modernism: cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss; refused to accept the traditional valuesFree verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhythm/line length; depends on natural speech rhythms & the counterpoint of
4、 stressed and unstressed syllables The Gilded Age(镀金时代 1865-1914)：Mark Twain 内战后的普遍disillusionment & frustration 工业化成果 & Gold Rush 特点：1. Straightforward 2. Focus on commonness of common peoples lives 3. Objective 4. Present moral visions 5. Usually open endingLost Generation: Paris, a term created b
5、y Gertrude Stein(美国女作家) Hemingway 代言人 Young writers who were cut off from old values and yet unable to handle the new eraJazz Age(1920s)/the Roaring Twenties: exciting acceleration; restless pursuit of stimulus and pleasure disillusionement(幻灭) with ideas and civilization F. Scott Fitzgerald1. Benja
6、min Franklin(富兰克林 1706-1790): The Autobiography自传：simplicity, frankness & wit; American Dream2. Thomas Paine(潘恩1737-1809 政治宣传册): Common Sense常识：独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册 The American Crisis: 16本系列宣传册；3. Philip Freneau(弗伦诺1752-1832 诗人): Father of American Poetry; Poet of the American Revolution The Wild Honeysuc
7、kle野金银花；4. Thomas Jefferson(杰斐逊 1743-1826): the 3rd President The Declaration of Independence 起草者之一三、American Romanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学(18世纪末-19世纪中后期) individualism fold stories as an escape from the civilized society and were rich in mystic color; against rationalism1) Pre-Romanticism(1770-1830
8、):5. Washington Irving(欧文1783-1859): 美国首位国际闻名作家 & 美国文学之父 the author of the first American short stories; the first prose stylist of American Romanticism文风：American indigenous humor; mild and prone；simplicity, lucidity, poise and ease flowThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow；Rip Van Winkle: German legend；an e
9、scape from society and return to nature； Essay: The Sketch Book见闻札记: 美国浪漫主义开端6. James Fenimore Cooper(库珀 小说家): one of the first authors to write about the American Westward Movement. 发展了三类小说：the revolutionary past- The Spy; sea novels -The Pilot领航者; the American frontier novels Leather Stocking Tale
10、s: frontier novels - The Pioneer拓荒者(the first true romance of American frontier)；The Pathfinder探路者; The Prairie大草原; The Deerslayer杀鹿者; The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人(成就最高)2) Post-Romanticism(1830-1860)7. Ralph Waldo Emerson(爱默生 思想家，散文家&诗人)：father of American literature 超验主义代表;主题 - nature & meditationEs
11、says: Nature论自然：超验主义圣经(manifesto) ； Self-Reliance论自立； The TranscendentalistThe American Scholar论美国学者：美国知识分子独立宣言 文化独立&文学地位; 8. Henry David Threau(梭罗 1817-1862 思想家): Walden瓦尔登湖; 9. Nathaniel Hawthorne(霍桑 1804-1864 小说家): 美国首位杰出小说家 道德伦理问题; human soul 文风：the most ambivalent; mystical; criticism of life;
12、soft, flowing and almost feminine The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Scarlet Letter: Hester Prynne, Chillingworth & Dimmesdale The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇；The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子：family decadence Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔10. Herman Melville(梅尔维尔 1819-1891小说家)：Moby Dick白鲸: the first American pro
13、se epic; Ishmael as the narrator, steeped in symbolism One of the worlds greatest masterpieces to get to know the 19th century American The voyage = the search for the truth; Moby Dick = 宇宙的神秘；自然的强大；世间的邪恶11. Edgar Allan Poe(爱伦坡1809-1849 诗人,小说家&批评家): 首位美国职业作家；美国侦探小说之父Poems: To Helen The Raven； Annabe
14、l Lee(哥特风)小说：The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌; The Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格街谋杀案 12. Walt Whitman(惠特曼 1819-1892 诗人)：democratic poet , Free verse weekly newspaper: the Long IslanderLeaves of Grass草叶集：Democratic Bible；the birth of truly American poetry & the end of the American romanticismSong
15、of Myself自我之歌; I hear America Singing；I sit and look out; beat! beat! drums!13. Emily Dickinson(迪金森 1830-1886 女诗人)：theme religion, life and death, love and marriage, nature, immortality文风: Abundant use of dashes, and irregular and often idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization and clear-cut and delicately original imagery, precise diction and fragmentary pattern; ImagismBecause I Could Not Stop for Death因为
