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1、 IntroductiontoNondestructiveTestingForIPPS Agenda IntroductiontoNDTOverviewofSevenMostCommonNDTMethodsApplications Theuseofnondestructivetechniquestodeterminetheintegrityofamaterial component orstructure Toinspectormeasurewithoutdoingharm DefinitionofNDT MethodsofNDT VisualMagneticParticleX rayLiqu
2、idPenetrantUltrasonicEddyCurrentChemicalComposition WhatareSomeUsesofNDTMethods FlawDetectionandEvaluationLeakDetectionLocationDeterminationDimensionalMeasurementsEstimationofMechanicalandPhysicalProperties Fluorescentpenetrantindication WhenareNDTMethodsUsed ToassistinproductdevelopmentToscreenorso
3、rtincomingmaterials Tomonitor improveorcontrolmanufacturingprocesses ToverifyproperprocessingsuchasheattreatingToverifyproperassemblyToinspectforin servicedamage ThereareNDTapplicationatalmostanystageintheproductionorlifecycleofacomponent SevenMostCommonNDTMethods VisualLiquidPenetrantMagneticPartic
4、leX rayEddyCurrentUltrasonicChemicalComposition Mostbasicandcommoninspectionmethod Toolsincludefiberscopes borescopes magnifyingglassesandmirrors Roboticcrawlerspermitobservationinhazardousortightareas suchasairducts reactors pipelines Portablevideoinspectionunitwithzoomallowsinspectionoflargetanksa
5、ndvessels railroadtankcars sewerlines VisualInspection Aliquiddyeisappliedtothesurfaceofthepartandallowedtimetoseepintosurfacebreakingdefects Theexcessliquidisremovedfromthesurfaceofthepart Adeveloper powder isappliedtopullthetrappedpenetrantoutthedefectandspreaditonthesurfacewhereitcanbeseen Visual
6、inspectionisthefinalstepintheprocess ThepenetrantusedisoftenloadedwithafluorescentdyeandtheinspectionisdoneunderUVlighttoincreasetestsensitivity LiquidPenetrantInspection MagneticParticleInspection Thepartismagnetized Finelymilledironparticlescoatedwithadyepigmentarethenappliedtothespecimen Thesepar
7、ticlesareattractedtomagneticfluxleakagefieldsandwillclustertoformanindicationdirectlyoverthediscontinuity Thisindicationcanbevisuallydetectedunderproperlightingconditions MagneticParticleCrackIndications Radiography Theradiationusedinradiographytestingisahigherenergy shorterwavelength versionoftheel
8、ectromagneticwavesthatweseeasvisiblelight TheradiationcancomefromanX raygeneratororaradioactivesource FilmRadiography Topviewofdevelopedfilm X rayfilm Thefilmdarkness density willvarywiththeamountofradiationreachingthefilmthroughthetestobject RadiographicImages Conductivematerial Coil EddyCurrentTes
9、ting EddyCurrentTesting Eddycurrenttestingisparticularlywellsuitedfordetectingsurfacecracksbutcanalsobeusedtomakeelectricalconductivityandcoatingthicknessmeasurements Hereasmallsurfaceprobeisscannedoverthepartsurfaceinanattempttodetectacrack Highfrequencysoundwavesareintroducedintoamaterialandtheyar
10、ereflectedbackfromsurfacesorflaws Reflectedsoundenergyisdisplayedversustime andinspectorcanvisualizeacrosssectionofthespecimenshowingthedepthoffeaturesthatreflectsound f plate crack initialpulse crackecho backsurfaceecho Oscilloscope orflawdetectorscreen UltrasonicInspection Pulse Echo ChemicalCompo
11、sitionorPositiveMaterialIdentification PMI Opticalemissionsystems OES alsocalledarc spark usesanarcorasparktovaporizethesample excitingtheatomsandionsintoemissionofradiation Thisemittedradiationthenpassesthroughanopticalfiberandisdispersedintoitsspectralcomponents Aphoto multipliertube PMT measurest
12、herangeofwavelengthsemittedx rayfluorescence XRF usesX raysemittedfromanX raytubeoraradioisotopetoexcitetheatomsofthesamplematerial Anelectronisejected causingasecondtofallintoitsvoidandenergyisreleased Adetectorwithintheinstrumentusestheenergyleveltodeterminetheelement CommonApplicationofNDT Inspec
13、tionofRawMaterialInspectionFollowingSecondaryProcessingIn ServicesDamageInspection InspectionofRawProducts ForgingsCastingsExtrusionsPlate MachiningWeldingGrindingHeattreatingPlating InspectionFollowingSecondaryProcessing CrackingCorrosionErosion WearHeatDamage InspectionForIn ServiceDamage PowerPla
14、ntInspection Signalsproducedbyvariousamountsofcorrosionthinning Periodically powerplantsareshutdownforinspection Inspectorsfeededdycurrentprobesintoheatexchangertubestocheckforcorrosiondamage WireRopeInspection Electromagneticdevicesandvisualinspectionsareusedtofindbrokenwiresandotherdamagetothewire
15、ropethatisusedinchairlifts cranesandotherliftingdevices StorageTankInspection Roboticcrawlersuseultrasoundtoinspectthewallsoflargeabovegroundtanksforsignsofthinningduetocorrosion Camerasonlongarticulatingarmsareusedtoinspectundergroundstoragetanksfordamage AircraftInspection Nondestructivetestingisu
16、sedextensivelyduringthemanufacturingofaircraft NDTisalsousedtofindcracksandcorrosiondamageduringoperationoftheaircraft Afatiguecrackthatstartedatthesiteofalightningstrikeisshownbelow JetEngineInspection Aircraftenginesareoverhauledafterbeinginserviceforaperiodoftime Theyarecompletelydisassembled cleaned inspectedandthenreassembled Fluorescentpenetrantinspectionisusedtocheckmanyofthepartsforcracking SiouxCity Iowa July19 1989 AdefectthatwentundetectedinanenginediskwasresponsibleforthecrashofUnite
